19524: Update colors, plot unknown-phenotype behind known.
[lightning.git] / slicenumpy.go
index a7c6e24c5716f02ddff39264ac8df4b4505bcd00..a9fee14c8d692430370b94f8ea0f3b35ca62fa43 100644 (file)
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
        "bufio"
        "bytes"
        "encoding/gob"
+       "errors"
        "flag"
        "fmt"
        "io"
@@ -27,11 +28,16 @@ import (
 
        "git.arvados.org/arvados.git/sdk/go/arvados"
        "github.com/arvados/lightning/hgvs"
+       "github.com/james-bowman/nlp"
        "github.com/kshedden/gonpy"
+       "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
        log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
        "golang.org/x/crypto/blake2b"
+       "gonum.org/v1/gonum/mat"
 )
 
+const annotationMaxTileSpan = 100
+
 type sliceNumpy struct {
        filter                filter
        threads               int
@@ -42,19 +48,24 @@ type sliceNumpy struct {
        minCoverage           int
        cgnames               []string
        includeVariant1       bool
+       debugTag              tagID
 }
 
 func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, stdout, stderr io.Writer) int {
-       var err error
-       defer func() {
-               if err != nil {
-                       fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", err)
-               }
-       }()
+       err := cmd.run(prog, args, stdin, stdout, stderr)
+       if err != nil {
+               fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", err)
+               return 1
+       }
+       return 0
+}
+func (cmd *sliceNumpy) run(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, stdout, stderr io.Writer) error {
        flags := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
        flags.SetOutput(stderr)
        pprof := flags.String("pprof", "", "serve Go profile data at http://`[addr]:port`")
        runlocal := flags.Bool("local", false, "run on local host (default: run in an arvados container)")
+       arvadosRAM := flags.Int("arvados-ram", 750000000000, "amount of memory to request for arvados container (`bytes`)")
+       arvadosVCPUs := flags.Int("arvados-vcpus", 96, "number of VCPUs to request for arvados container")
        projectUUID := flags.String("project", "", "project `UUID` for output data")
        priority := flags.Int("priority", 500, "container request priority")
        inputDir := flags.String("input-dir", "./in", "input `directory`")
@@ -67,18 +78,21 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
        hgvsChunked := flags.Bool("chunked-hgvs-matrix", false, "also generate hgvs-based matrix per chromosome")
        onehotSingle := flags.Bool("single-onehot", false, "generate one-hot tile-based matrix")
        onehotChunked := flags.Bool("chunked-onehot", false, "generate one-hot tile-based matrix per input chunk")
-       flags.IntVar(&cmd.threads, "threads", 16, "number of memory-hungry assembly threads")
+       onlyPCA := flags.Bool("pca", false, "generate pca matrix")
+       pcaComponents := flags.Int("pca-components", 4, "number of PCA components")
+       maxPCATiles := flags.Int("max-pca-tiles", 0, "maximum tiles to use as PCA input (filter, then drop every 2nd colum pair until below max)")
+       debugTag := flags.Int("debug-tag", -1, "log debugging details about specified tag")
+       flags.IntVar(&cmd.threads, "threads", 16, "number of memory-hungry assembly threads, and number of VCPUs to request for arvados container")
        flags.StringVar(&cmd.chi2CaseControlFile, "chi2-case-control-file", "", "tsv file or directory indicating cases and controls for Χ² test (if directory, all .tsv files will be read)")
        flags.StringVar(&cmd.chi2CaseControlColumn, "chi2-case-control-column", "", "name of case/control column in case-control files for Χ² test (value must be 0 for control, 1 for case)")
        flags.Float64Var(&cmd.chi2PValue, "chi2-p-value", 1, "do Χ² test and omit columns with p-value above this threshold")
        flags.BoolVar(&cmd.includeVariant1, "include-variant-1", false, "include most common variant when building one-hot matrix")
        cmd.filter.Flags(flags)
-       err = flags.Parse(args)
+       err := flags.Parse(args)
        if err == flag.ErrHelp {
-               err = nil
-               return 0
+               return nil
        } else if err != nil {
-               return 2
+               return err
        }
 
        if *pprof != "" {
@@ -88,24 +102,25 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
        }
 
        if cmd.chi2PValue != 1 && (cmd.chi2CaseControlFile == "" || cmd.chi2CaseControlColumn == "") {
-               log.Errorf("cannot use provided -chi2-p-value=%f because -chi2-case-control-file= or -chi2-case-control-column= value is empty", cmd.chi2PValue)
-               return 2
+               return fmt.Errorf("cannot use provided -chi2-p-value=%f because -chi2-case-control-file= or -chi2-case-control-column= value is empty", cmd.chi2PValue)
        }
 
+       cmd.debugTag = tagID(*debugTag)
+
        if !*runlocal {
                runner := arvadosContainerRunner{
                        Name:        "lightning slice-numpy",
                        Client:      arvados.NewClientFromEnv(),
                        ProjectUUID: *projectUUID,
-                       RAM:         750000000000,
-                       VCPUs:       96,
+                       RAM:         int64(*arvadosRAM),
+                       VCPUs:       *arvadosVCPUs,
                        Priority:    *priority,
                        KeepCache:   2,
                        APIAccess:   true,
                }
                err = runner.TranslatePaths(inputDir, regionsFilename, &cmd.chi2CaseControlFile)
                if err != nil {
-                       return 1
+                       return err
                }
                runner.Args = []string{"slice-numpy", "-local=true",
                        "-pprof=:6060",
@@ -119,27 +134,32 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        "-chunked-hgvs-matrix=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *hgvsChunked),
                        "-single-onehot=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *onehotSingle),
                        "-chunked-onehot=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *onehotChunked),
+                       "-pca=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *onlyPCA),
+                       "-pca-components=" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", *pcaComponents),
+                       "-max-pca-tiles=" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", *maxPCATiles),
                        "-chi2-case-control-file=" + cmd.chi2CaseControlFile,
                        "-chi2-case-control-column=" + cmd.chi2CaseControlColumn,
                        "-chi2-p-value=" + fmt.Sprintf("%f", cmd.chi2PValue),
+                       "-include-variant-1=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", cmd.includeVariant1),
+                       "-debug-tag=" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", cmd.debugTag),
                }
                runner.Args = append(runner.Args, cmd.filter.Args()...)
                var output string
                output, err = runner.Run()
                if err != nil {
-                       return 1
+                       return err
                }
                fmt.Fprintln(stdout, output)
-               return 0
+               return nil
        }
 
        infiles, err := allFiles(*inputDir, matchGobFile)
        if err != nil {
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
        if len(infiles) == 0 {
                err = fmt.Errorf("no input files found in %s", *inputDir)
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
        sort.Strings(infiles)
 
@@ -147,18 +167,18 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
        var reftiledata = make(map[tileLibRef][]byte, 11000000)
        in0, err := open(infiles[0])
        if err != nil {
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
 
        matchGenome, err := regexp.Compile(cmd.filter.MatchGenome)
        if err != nil {
                err = fmt.Errorf("-match-genome: invalid regexp: %q", cmd.filter.MatchGenome)
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
 
        cmd.cgnames = nil
        var tagset [][]byte
-       DecodeLibrary(in0, strings.HasSuffix(infiles[0], ".gz"), func(ent *LibraryEntry) error {
+       err = DecodeLibrary(in0, strings.HasSuffix(infiles[0], ".gz"), func(ent *LibraryEntry) error {
                if len(ent.TagSet) > 0 {
                        tagset = ent.TagSet
                }
@@ -180,35 +200,47 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                return nil
        })
        if err != nil {
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
        in0.Close()
        if refseq == nil {
                err = fmt.Errorf("%s: reference sequence not found", infiles[0])
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
        if len(tagset) == 0 {
                err = fmt.Errorf("tagset not found")
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
 
        taglib := &tagLibrary{}
        err = taglib.setTags(tagset)
        if err != nil {
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
        taglen := taglib.TagLen()
 
        if len(cmd.cgnames) == 0 {
                err = fmt.Errorf("no genomes found matching regexp %q", cmd.filter.MatchGenome)
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
        sort.Strings(cmd.cgnames)
        err = cmd.useCaseControlFiles()
        if err != nil {
-               return 1
+               return err
+       }
+       if len(cmd.cgnames) == 0 {
+               err = fmt.Errorf("fatal: 0 cases, 0 controls, nothing to do")
+               return err
+       }
+       if cmd.filter.MinCoverage == 1 {
+               // In the generic formula below, floating point
+               // arithmetic can effectively push the coverage
+               // threshold above 1.0, which is impossible/useless.
+               // 1.0 needs to mean exactly 100% coverage.
+               cmd.minCoverage = len(cmd.cgnames)
+       } else {
+               cmd.minCoverage = int(math.Ceil(cmd.filter.MinCoverage * float64(len(cmd.cgnames))))
        }
-       cmd.minCoverage = int(math.Ceil(cmd.filter.MinCoverage * float64(len(cmd.cgnames))))
 
        {
                labelsFilename := *outputDir + "/samples.csv"
@@ -216,7 +248,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                var f *os.File
                f, err = os.Create(labelsFilename)
                if err != nil {
-                       return 1
+                       return err
                }
                defer f.Close()
                for i, name := range cmd.cgnames {
@@ -227,13 +259,13 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        _, err = fmt.Fprintf(f, "%d,%q,%d\n", i, trimFilenameForLabel(name), cc)
                        if err != nil {
                                err = fmt.Errorf("write %s: %w", labelsFilename, err)
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                }
                err = f.Close()
                if err != nil {
                        err = fmt.Errorf("close %s: %w", labelsFilename, err)
-                       return 1
+                       return err
                }
        }
 
@@ -243,11 +275,14 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                seqname  string // chr1
                pos      int    // distance from start of chromosome to starttag
                tiledata []byte // acgtggcaa...
+               excluded bool   // true if excluded by regions file
+               nexttag  tagID  // tagID of following tile (-1 for last tag of chromosome)
        }
        isdup := map[tagID]bool{}
        reftile := map[tagID]*reftileinfo{}
        for seqname, cseq := range refseq {
                pos := 0
+               lastreftag := tagID(-1)
                for _, libref := range cseq {
                        if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && libref.Tag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
                                continue
@@ -255,7 +290,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        tiledata := reftiledata[libref]
                        if len(tiledata) == 0 {
                                err = fmt.Errorf("missing tiledata for tag %d variant %d in %s in ref", libref.Tag, libref.Variant, seqname)
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        foundthistag := false
                        taglib.FindAll(tiledata[:len(tiledata)-1], func(tagid tagID, offset, _ int) {
@@ -284,7 +319,12 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                        variant:  libref.Variant,
                                        tiledata: tiledata,
                                        pos:      pos,
+                                       nexttag:  -1,
                                }
+                               if lastreftag >= 0 {
+                                       reftile[lastreftag].nexttag = libref.Tag
+                               }
+                               lastreftag = libref.Tag
                        }
                        pos += len(tiledata) - taglen
                }
@@ -296,13 +336,13 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                log.Printf("loading regions from %s", *regionsFilename)
                mask, err = makeMask(*regionsFilename, *expandRegions)
                if err != nil {
-                       return 1
+                       return err
                }
                log.Printf("before applying mask, len(reftile) == %d", len(reftile))
                log.Printf("deleting reftile entries for regions outside %d intervals", mask.Len())
-               for tag, rt := range reftile {
+               for _, rt := range reftile {
                        if !mask.Check(strings.TrimPrefix(rt.seqname, "chr"), rt.pos, rt.pos+len(rt.tiledata)) {
-                               delete(reftile, tag)
+                               rt.excluded = true
                        }
                }
                log.Printf("after applying mask, len(reftile) == %d", len(reftile))
@@ -317,7 +357,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        var f *os.File
                        f, err = os.Create(*outputDir + "/tmp." + seqname + ".gob")
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        defer os.Remove(f.Name())
                        bufw := bufio.NewWriterSize(f, 1<<24)
@@ -347,15 +387,17 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
        var onehotIndirect [][2][]uint32 // [chunkIndex][axis][index]
        var onehotChunkSize []uint32
        var onehotXrefs [][]onehotXref
-       if *onehotSingle {
+       if *onehotSingle || *onlyPCA {
                onehotIndirect = make([][2][]uint32, len(infiles))
                onehotChunkSize = make([]uint32, len(infiles))
                onehotXrefs = make([][]onehotXref, len(infiles))
        }
+       chunkStartTag := make([]tagID, len(infiles))
 
        throttleMem := throttle{Max: cmd.threads} // TODO: estimate using mem and data size
        throttleNumpyMem := throttle{Max: cmd.threads/2 + 1}
        log.Info("generating annotations and numpy matrix for each slice")
+       var errSkip = errors.New("skip infile")
        var done int64
        for infileIdx, infile := range infiles {
                infileIdx, infile := infileIdx, infile
@@ -373,12 +415,27 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                        if tv.Ref {
                                                continue
                                        }
+                                       // Skip tile with no
+                                       // corresponding ref tile, if
+                                       // mask is in play (we can't
+                                       // determine coordinates for
+                                       // these)
                                        if mask != nil && reftile[tv.Tag] == nil {
-                                               // Don't waste
-                                               // time/memory on
-                                               // masked-out tiles.
                                                continue
                                        }
+                                       // Skip tile whose
+                                       // corresponding ref tile is
+                                       // outside target regions --
+                                       // unless it's a potential
+                                       // spanning tile.
+                                       if mask != nil && reftile[tv.Tag].excluded &&
+                                               (int(tv.Tag+1) >= len(tagset) ||
+                                                       (bytes.HasSuffix(tv.Sequence, tagset[tv.Tag+1]) && reftile[tv.Tag+1] != nil && !reftile[tv.Tag+1].excluded)) {
+                                               continue
+                                       }
+                                       if tv.Tag == cmd.debugTag {
+                                               log.Printf("infile %d %s tag %d variant %d hash %x", infileIdx, infile, tv.Tag, tv.Variant, tv.Blake2b[:3])
+                                       }
                                        variants := seq[tv.Tag]
                                        if len(variants) == 0 {
                                                variants = make([]TileVariant, 100)
@@ -390,6 +447,9 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                        seq[tv.Tag] = variants
                                }
                                for _, cg := range ent.CompactGenomes {
+                                       if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && cg.StartTag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
+                                               return errSkip
+                                       }
                                        if !matchGenome.MatchString(cg.Name) {
                                                continue
                                        }
@@ -403,11 +463,14 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                }
                                return nil
                        })
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
+                       if err == errSkip {
+                               return nil
+                       } else if err != nil {
+                               return fmt.Errorf("%04d: DecodeLibrary(%s): err", infileIdx, infile)
                        }
                        tagstart := cgs[cmd.cgnames[0]].StartTag
                        tagend := cgs[cmd.cgnames[0]].EndTag
+                       chunkStartTag[infileIdx] = tagstart
 
                        // TODO: filters
 
@@ -416,9 +479,8 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        throttleCPU := throttle{Max: runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)}
                        for tag, variants := range seq {
                                tag, variants := tag, variants
-                               throttleCPU.Acquire()
-                               go func() {
-                                       defer throttleCPU.Release()
+                               throttleCPU.Go(func() error {
+                                       alleleCoverage := 0
                                        count := make(map[[blake2b.Size256]byte]int, len(variants))
 
                                        rt := reftile[tag]
@@ -426,15 +488,31 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                                count[blake2b.Sum256(rt.tiledata)] = 0
                                        }
 
-                                       for _, cg := range cgs {
+                                       for cgname, cg := range cgs {
                                                idx := int(tag-tagstart) * 2
                                                for allele := 0; allele < 2; allele++ {
                                                        v := cg.Variants[idx+allele]
                                                        if v > 0 && len(variants[v].Sequence) > 0 {
                                                                count[variants[v].Blake2b]++
+                                                               alleleCoverage++
+                                                       }
+                                                       if v > 0 && tag == cmd.debugTag {
+                                                               log.Printf("tag %d cg %s allele %d tv %d hash %x count is now %d", tag, cgname, allele, v, variants[v].Blake2b[:3], count[variants[v].Blake2b])
                                                        }
                                                }
                                        }
+                                       if alleleCoverage < cmd.minCoverage*2 {
+                                               idx := int(tag-tagstart) * 2
+                                               for _, cg := range cgs {
+                                                       cg.Variants[idx] = 0
+                                                       cg.Variants[idx+1] = 0
+                                               }
+                                               if tag == cmd.debugTag {
+                                                       log.Printf("tag %d alleleCoverage %d < min %d, sample data wiped", tag, alleleCoverage, cmd.minCoverage*2)
+                                               }
+                                               return nil
+                                       }
+
                                        // hash[i] will be the hash of
                                        // the variant(s) that should
                                        // be at rank i (0-based).
@@ -457,6 +535,11 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                        for i, h := range hash {
                                                rank[h] = tileVariantID(i + 1)
                                        }
+                                       if tag == cmd.debugTag {
+                                               for h, r := range rank {
+                                                       log.Printf("tag %d rank(%x) = %v", tag, h[:3], r)
+                                               }
+                                       }
                                        // remap[v] will be the new
                                        // variant number for original
                                        // variant number v.
@@ -464,19 +547,36 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                        for i, tv := range variants {
                                                remap[i] = rank[tv.Blake2b]
                                        }
+                                       if tag == cmd.debugTag {
+                                               for in, out := range remap {
+                                                       if out > 0 {
+                                                               log.Printf("tag %d remap %d => %d", tag, in, out)
+                                                       }
+                                               }
+                                       }
                                        variantRemap[tag-tagstart] = remap
                                        if rt != nil {
-                                               rt.variant = rank[blake2b.Sum256(rt.tiledata)]
+                                               refrank := rank[blake2b.Sum256(rt.tiledata)]
+                                               if tag == cmd.debugTag {
+                                                       log.Printf("tag %d reftile variant %d => %d", tag, rt.variant, refrank)
+                                               }
+                                               rt.variant = refrank
                                        }
-                               }()
+                                       return nil
+                               })
                        }
                        throttleCPU.Wait()
 
                        var onehotChunk [][]int8
                        var onehotXref []onehotXref
 
-                       annotationsFilename := fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.%04d.annotations.csv", *outputDir, infileIdx)
-                       log.Infof("%04d: writing %s", infileIdx, annotationsFilename)
+                       var annotationsFilename string
+                       if *onlyPCA {
+                               annotationsFilename = "/dev/null"
+                       } else {
+                               annotationsFilename = fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.%04d.annotations.csv", *outputDir, infileIdx)
+                               log.Infof("%04d: writing %s", infileIdx, annotationsFilename)
+                       }
                        annof, err := os.Create(annotationsFilename)
                        if err != nil {
                                return err
@@ -486,12 +586,25 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        for tag := tagstart; tag < tagend; tag++ {
                                rt := reftile[tag]
                                if rt == nil && mask != nil {
-                                       // Excluded by specified regions
+                                       // With no ref tile, we don't
+                                       // have coordinates to say
+                                       // this is in the desired
+                                       // regions -- so it's not.
+                                       // TODO: handle ref spanning
+                                       // tile case.
                                        continue
                                }
-                               if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && tag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
+                               if rt != nil && rt.excluded {
+                                       // TODO: don't skip yet --
+                                       // first check for spanning
+                                       // tile variants that
+                                       // intersect non-excluded ref
+                                       // tiles.
                                        continue
                                }
+                               if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && tag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
+                                       break
+                               }
                                remap := variantRemap[tag-tagstart]
                                maxv := tileVariantID(0)
                                for _, v := range remap {
@@ -499,14 +612,28 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                                maxv = v
                                        }
                                }
-                               if *onehotChunked || *onehotSingle {
-                                       onehot, xrefs := cmd.tv2homhet(cgs, maxv, remap, tag, tagstart)
+                               if *onehotChunked || *onehotSingle || *onlyPCA {
+                                       onehot, xrefs := cmd.tv2homhet(cgs, maxv, remap, tag, tagstart, seq)
+                                       if tag == cmd.debugTag {
+                                               log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+                                                       "onehot": onehot,
+                                                       "xrefs":  xrefs,
+                                               }).Info("tv2homhet()")
+                                       }
                                        onehotChunk = append(onehotChunk, onehot...)
                                        onehotXref = append(onehotXref, xrefs...)
                                }
+                               if *onlyPCA {
+                                       outcol++
+                                       continue
+                               }
                                if rt == nil {
                                        // Reference does not use any
                                        // variant of this tile
+                                       //
+                                       // TODO: diff against the
+                                       // relevant portion of the
+                                       // ref's spanning tile
                                        outcol++
                                        continue
                                }
@@ -518,16 +645,37 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                variantDiffs := make([][]hgvs.Variant, maxv+1)
                                for v, tv := range variants {
                                        v := remap[v]
-                                       if v == rt.variant || done[v] {
+                                       if v == 0 || v == rt.variant || done[v] {
                                                continue
                                        } else {
                                                done[v] = true
                                        }
-                                       if len(tv.Sequence) < taglen || !bytes.HasSuffix(rt.tiledata, tv.Sequence[len(tv.Sequence)-taglen:]) {
+                                       if len(tv.Sequence) < taglen {
+                                               continue
+                                       }
+                                       // if reftilestr doesn't end
+                                       // in the same tag as tv,
+                                       // extend reftilestr with
+                                       // following ref tiles until
+                                       // it does (up to an arbitrary
+                                       // sanity-check limit)
+                                       reftilestr := reftilestr
+                                       endtagstr := strings.ToUpper(string(tv.Sequence[len(tv.Sequence)-taglen:]))
+                                       for i, rt := 0, rt; i < annotationMaxTileSpan && !strings.HasSuffix(reftilestr, endtagstr) && rt.nexttag >= 0; i++ {
+                                               rt = reftile[rt.nexttag]
+                                               if rt == nil {
+                                                       break
+                                               }
+                                               reftilestr += strings.ToUpper(string(rt.tiledata[taglen:]))
+                                       }
+                                       if mask != nil && !mask.Check(strings.TrimPrefix(rt.seqname, "chr"), rt.pos, rt.pos+len(reftilestr)) {
+                                               continue
+                                       }
+                                       if !strings.HasSuffix(reftilestr, endtagstr) {
                                                fmt.Fprintf(annow, "%d,%d,%d,,%s,%d,,,\n", tag, outcol, v, rt.seqname, rt.pos)
                                                continue
                                        }
-                                       if lendiff := len(rt.tiledata) - len(tv.Sequence); lendiff < -1000 || lendiff > 1000 {
+                                       if lendiff := len(reftilestr) - len(tv.Sequence); lendiff < -1000 || lendiff > 1000 {
                                                fmt.Fprintf(annow, "%d,%d,%d,,%s,%d,,,\n", tag, outcol, v, rt.seqname, rt.pos)
                                                continue
                                        }
@@ -610,7 +758,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                // transpose onehotChunk[col][row] to numpy[row*ncols+col]
                                rows := len(cmd.cgnames)
                                cols := len(onehotChunk)
-                               log.Infof("%04d: preparing onehot numpy (rows=%d, cols=%d, mem=%d)", infileIdx, len(cmd.cgnames), len(onehotChunk), len(cmd.cgnames)*len(onehotChunk))
+                               log.Infof("%04d: preparing onehot numpy (rows=%d, cols=%d, mem=%d)", infileIdx, rows, cols, rows*cols)
                                throttleNumpyMem.Acquire()
                                out := onehotcols2int8(onehotChunk)
                                fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot.%04d.npy", *outputDir, infileIdx)
@@ -626,33 +774,40 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                debug.FreeOSMemory()
                                throttleNumpyMem.Release()
                        }
-                       if *onehotSingle {
+                       if *onehotSingle || *onlyPCA {
                                onehotIndirect[infileIdx] = onehotChunk2Indirect(onehotChunk)
                                onehotChunkSize[infileIdx] = uint32(len(onehotChunk))
                                onehotXrefs[infileIdx] = onehotXref
                                n := len(onehotIndirect[infileIdx][0])
                                log.Infof("%04d: keeping onehot coordinates in memory (n=%d, mem=%d)", infileIdx, n, n*8*2)
                        }
-                       if !(*onehotSingle || *onehotChunked) || *mergeOutput || *hgvsSingle {
+                       if !(*onehotSingle || *onehotChunked || *onlyPCA) || *mergeOutput || *hgvsSingle {
                                log.Infof("%04d: preparing numpy (rows=%d, cols=%d)", infileIdx, len(cmd.cgnames), 2*outcol)
                                throttleNumpyMem.Acquire()
                                rows := len(cmd.cgnames)
                                cols := 2 * outcol
                                out := make([]int16, rows*cols)
                                for row, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-                                       out := out[row*cols:]
-                                       outcol := 0
+                                       outidx := row * cols
                                        for col, v := range cgs[name].Variants {
                                                tag := tagstart + tagID(col/2)
-                                               if mask != nil && reftile[tag] == nil || tag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
+                                               if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && tag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
+                                                       break
+                                               }
+                                               if rt := reftile[tag]; rt == nil || rt.excluded {
                                                        continue
                                                }
-                                               if variants, ok := seq[tag]; ok && len(variants) > int(v) && len(variants[v].Sequence) > 0 {
-                                                       out[outcol] = int16(variantRemap[tag-tagstart][v])
+                                               if v == 0 {
+                                                       out[outidx] = 0 // tag not found / spanning tile
+                                               } else if variants, ok := seq[tag]; ok && int(v) < len(variants) && len(variants[v].Sequence) > 0 {
+                                                       out[outidx] = int16(variantRemap[tag-tagstart][v])
                                                } else {
-                                                       out[outcol] = -1
+                                                       out[outidx] = -1 // low quality tile variant
+                                               }
+                                               if tag == cmd.debugTag {
+                                                       log.Printf("tag %d row %d col %d outidx %d v %d out %d", tag, row, col, outidx, v, out[outidx])
                                                }
-                                               outcol++
+                                               outidx++
                                        }
                                }
                                seq = nil
@@ -677,7 +832,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                })
        }
        if err = throttleMem.Wait(); err != nil {
-               return 1
+               return err
        }
 
        if *hgvsChunked {
@@ -687,14 +842,14 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                }
                err = encodeHGVS.Wait()
                if err != nil {
-                       return 1
+                       return err
                }
                for seqname := range refseq {
                        log.Infof("%s: reading hgvsCols from temp file", seqname)
                        f := tmpHGVSCols[seqname]
                        _, err = f.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        var hgvsCols hgvsColSet
                        dec := gob.NewDecoder(bufio.NewReaderSize(f, 1<<24))
@@ -702,7 +857,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                err = dec.Decode(&hgvsCols)
                        }
                        if err != io.EOF {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        log.Infof("%s: sorting %d hgvs variants", seqname, len(hgvsCols))
                        variants := make([]hgvs.Variant, 0, len(hgvsCols))
@@ -733,7 +888,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        }
                        err = writeNumpyInt8(fmt.Sprintf("%s/hgvs.%s.npy", *outputDir, seqname), out, rows, cols)
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        out = nil
 
@@ -745,7 +900,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        }
                        err = ioutil.WriteFile(fnm, hgvsLabels.Bytes(), 0666)
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                }
        }
@@ -757,7 +912,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        annoFilename := fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.annotations.csv", *outputDir)
                        annof, err = os.Create(annoFilename)
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        annow = bufio.NewWriterSize(annof, 1<<20)
                }
@@ -787,12 +942,12 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        log.Infof("reading %s", annotationsFilename)
                        buf, err := os.ReadFile(annotationsFilename)
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        if *mergeOutput {
                                err = os.Remove(annotationsFilename)
                                if err != nil {
-                                       return 1
+                                       return err
                                }
                        }
                        for _, line := range bytes.Split(buf, []byte{'\n'}) {
@@ -835,7 +990,7 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                                        rt, ok := reftile[tagID(tag)]
                                        if !ok {
                                                err = fmt.Errorf("bug: seeing annotations for tag %d, but it has no reftile entry", tag)
-                                               return 1
+                                               return err
                                        }
                                        for ph := 0; ph < 2; ph++ {
                                                for row := 0; row < rows; row++ {
@@ -875,15 +1030,15 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                if *mergeOutput {
                        err = annow.Flush()
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        err = annof.Close()
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                        err = writeNumpyInt16(fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.npy", *outputDir), out, rows, cols)
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                }
                out = nil
@@ -909,18 +1064,18 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        }
                        err = writeNumpyInt16(fmt.Sprintf("%s/hgvs.npy", *outputDir), out, rows, cols)
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
 
                        fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/hgvs.annotations.csv", *outputDir)
                        log.Printf("writing hgvs labels: %s", fnm)
                        err = ioutil.WriteFile(fnm, hgvsLabels.Bytes(), 0777)
                        if err != nil {
-                               return 1
+                               return err
                        }
                }
        }
-       if *onehotSingle {
+       if *onehotSingle || *onlyPCA {
                nzCount := 0
                for _, part := range onehotIndirect {
                        nzCount += len(part[0])
@@ -945,18 +1100,103 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, s
                        onehotXrefs[i] = nil
                        debug.FreeOSMemory()
                }
-               fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot.npy", *outputDir)
-               err = writeNumpyUint32(fnm, onehot, 2, nzCount)
+               if *onehotSingle {
+                       fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot.npy", *outputDir)
+                       err = writeNumpyUint32(fnm, onehot, 2, nzCount)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+                       fnm = fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot-columns.npy", *outputDir)
+                       err = writeNumpyInt32(fnm, onehotXref2int32(xrefs), 5, len(xrefs))
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+               }
+               if *onlyPCA {
+                       cols := 0
+                       for _, c := range onehot[nzCount:] {
+                               if int(c) >= cols {
+                                       cols = int(c) + 1
+                               }
+                       }
+                       if cols == 0 {
+                               return fmt.Errorf("cannot do PCA: one-hot matrix is empty")
+                       }
+                       log.Printf("have %d one-hot cols", cols)
+                       stride := 1
+                       for *maxPCATiles > 0 && cols > *maxPCATiles*2 {
+                               cols = cols / 2
+                               stride = stride * 2
+                       }
+                       log.Printf("creating matrix: %d rows, %d cols, stride %d", len(cmd.cgnames), cols, stride)
+                       mtx := mat.NewDense(len(cmd.cgnames), cols, nil)
+                       for i, c := range onehot[nzCount:] {
+                               if int(c/2)%stride == 0 {
+                                       mtx.Set(int(onehot[i]), int(c/2)/stride*2+int(c)%2, 1)
+                               }
+                       }
+                       log.Print("fitting")
+                       transformer := nlp.NewPCA(*pcaComponents)
+                       transformer.Fit(mtx.T())
+                       log.Printf("transforming")
+                       pca, err := transformer.Transform(mtx.T())
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+                       pca = pca.T()
+                       outrows, outcols := pca.Dims()
+                       log.Printf("copying result to numpy output array: %d rows, %d cols", outrows, outcols)
+                       out := make([]float64, outrows*outcols)
+                       for i := 0; i < outrows; i++ {
+                               for j := 0; j < outcols; j++ {
+                                       out[i*outcols+j] = pca.At(i, j)
+                               }
+                       }
+                       fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/pca.npy", *outputDir)
+                       log.Printf("writing numpy: %s", fnm)
+                       output, err := os.OpenFile(fnm, os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY, 0777)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+                       npw, err := gonpy.NewWriter(nopCloser{output})
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return fmt.Errorf("gonpy.NewWriter: %w", err)
+                       }
+                       npw.Shape = []int{outrows, outcols}
+                       err = npw.WriteFloat64(out)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return fmt.Errorf("WriteFloat64: %w", err)
+                       }
+                       err = output.Close()
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+                       log.Print("done")
+               }
+       }
+       if !*mergeOutput && !*onehotChunked && !*onehotSingle && !*onlyPCA {
+               tagoffsetFilename := *outputDir + "/chunk-tag-offset.csv"
+               log.Infof("writing tag offsets to %s", tagoffsetFilename)
+               var f *os.File
+               f, err = os.Create(tagoffsetFilename)
                if err != nil {
-                       return 1
+                       return err
                }
-               fnm = fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot-columns.npy", *outputDir)
-               err = writeNumpyInt32(fnm, onehotXref2int32(xrefs), 4, len(xrefs))
+               defer f.Close()
+               for idx, offset := range chunkStartTag {
+                       _, err = fmt.Fprintf(f, "%q,%d\n", fmt.Sprintf("matrix.%04d.npy", idx), offset)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               err = fmt.Errorf("write %s: %w", tagoffsetFilename, err)
+                               return err
+                       }
+               }
+               err = f.Close()
                if err != nil {
-                       return 1
+                       err = fmt.Errorf("close %s: %w", tagoffsetFilename, err)
+                       return err
                }
        }
-       return 0
+       return nil
 }
 
 // Read case/control files, remove non-case/control entries from
@@ -1188,25 +1428,44 @@ func allele2homhet(colpair [2][]int8) {
 type onehotXref struct {
        tag     tagID
        variant tileVariantID
-       het     bool
+       hom     bool
        pvalue  float64
 }
 
 const onehotXrefSize = unsafe.Sizeof(onehotXref{})
 
-// Build onehot matrix (m[variant*2+isHet][genome] == 0 or 1) for all
+// Build onehot matrix (m[tileVariantIndex][genome] == 0 or 1) for all
 // variants of a single tile/tag#.
 //
 // Return nil if no tile variant passes Χ² filter.
-func (cmd *sliceNumpy) tv2homhet(cgs map[string]CompactGenome, maxv tileVariantID, remap []tileVariantID, tag, chunkstarttag tagID) ([][]int8, []onehotXref) {
-       if maxv < 2 {
-               // everyone has the most common variant
+func (cmd *sliceNumpy) tv2homhet(cgs map[string]CompactGenome, maxv tileVariantID, remap []tileVariantID, tag, chunkstarttag tagID, seq map[tagID][]TileVariant) ([][]int8, []onehotXref) {
+       if tag == cmd.debugTag {
+               tv := make([]tileVariantID, len(cmd.cgnames)*2)
+               for i, name := range cmd.cgnames {
+                       copy(tv[i*2:(i+1)*2], cgs[name].Variants[(tag-chunkstarttag)*2:])
+               }
+               log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+                       "cgs[i].Variants[tag*2+j]": tv,
+                       "maxv":                     maxv,
+                       "remap":                    remap,
+                       "tag":                      tag,
+                       "chunkstarttag":            chunkstarttag,
+               }).Info("tv2homhet()")
+       }
+       if maxv < 1 || (maxv < 2 && !cmd.includeVariant1) {
+               // everyone has the most common variant (of the variants we don't drop)
                return nil, nil
        }
        tagoffset := tag - chunkstarttag
        coverage := 0
        for _, cg := range cgs {
-               if cg.Variants[tagoffset*2] > 0 && cg.Variants[tagoffset*2+1] > 0 {
+               alleles := 0
+               for _, v := range cg.Variants[tagoffset*2 : tagoffset*2+2] {
+                       if v > 0 && int(v) < len(seq[tag]) && len(seq[tag][v].Sequence) > 0 {
+                               alleles++
+                       }
+               }
+               if alleles == 2 {
                        coverage++
                }
        }
@@ -1218,37 +1477,36 @@ func (cmd *sliceNumpy) tv2homhet(cgs map[string]CompactGenome, maxv tileVariantI
                obs[i] = make([]bool, len(cmd.cgnames))
        }
        for cgid, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-               cgvars := cgs[name].Variants
-               for v := tileVariantID(2); v <= maxv; v++ {
-                       if remap[cgvars[tagoffset*2]] == v && remap[cgvars[tagoffset*2+1]] == v {
+               cgvars := cgs[name].Variants[tagoffset*2:]
+               tv0, tv1 := remap[cgvars[0]], remap[cgvars[1]]
+               for v := tileVariantID(1); v <= maxv; v++ {
+                       if tv0 == v && tv1 == v {
                                obs[v*2][cgid] = true
-                       } else if remap[cgvars[tagoffset*2]] == v || remap[cgvars[tagoffset*2+1]] == v {
+                       } else if tv0 == v || tv1 == v {
                                obs[v*2+1][cgid] = true
                        }
                }
        }
        var onehot [][]int8
        var xref []onehotXref
-       for homcol := 2; homcol < len(obs); homcol += 2 {
-               // homcol 0,1 correspond to tile variant 0, i.e.,
-               // no-call; homcol 2,3 correspond to the most common
-               // variant; so we (normally) start at homcol 4.
-               if homcol < 4 && !cmd.includeVariant1 {
+       for col := 2; col < len(obs); col++ {
+               // col 0,1 correspond to tile variant 0, i.e.,
+               // no-call; col 2,3 correspond to the most common
+               // variant; so we (normally) start at col 4.
+               if col < 4 && !cmd.includeVariant1 {
                        continue
                }
-               for het := 0; het < 2; het++ {
-                       p := pvalue(obs[homcol+het], cmd.chi2Cases)
-                       if cmd.chi2PValue < 1 && !(p < cmd.chi2PValue) {
-                               continue
-                       }
-                       onehot = append(onehot, bool2int8(obs[homcol+het]))
-                       xref = append(xref, onehotXref{
-                               tag:     tag,
-                               variant: tileVariantID(homcol / 2),
-                               het:     het == 1,
-                               pvalue:  p,
-                       })
+               p := pvalue(obs[col], cmd.chi2Cases)
+               if cmd.chi2PValue < 1 && !(p < cmd.chi2PValue) {
+                       continue
                }
+               onehot = append(onehot, bool2int8(obs[col]))
+               xref = append(xref, onehotXref{
+                       tag:     tag,
+                       variant: tileVariantID(col >> 1),
+                       hom:     col&1 == 0,
+                       pvalue:  p,
+               })
        }
        return onehot, xref
 }
@@ -1271,14 +1529,15 @@ func bool2int8(in []bool) []int8 {
 // P-value row contains 1000000x actual p-value.
 func onehotXref2int32(xrefs []onehotXref) []int32 {
        xcols := len(xrefs)
-       xdata := make([]int32, 4*xcols)
+       xdata := make([]int32, 5*xcols)
        for i, xref := range xrefs {
                xdata[i] = int32(xref.tag)
                xdata[xcols+i] = int32(xref.variant)
-               if xref.het {
+               if xref.hom {
                        xdata[xcols*2+i] = 1
                }
                xdata[xcols*3+i] = int32(xref.pvalue * 1000000)
+               xdata[xcols*4+i] = int32(-math.Log10(xref.pvalue) * 1000000)
        }
        return xdata
 }