Merge branch '21543-lightning-subdir'
[lightning.git] / slicenumpy.go
diff --git a/slicenumpy.go b/slicenumpy.go
deleted file mode 100644 (file)
index 895c3c1..0000000
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1710 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) The Lightning Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0
-
-package lightning
-
-import (
-       "bufio"
-       "bytes"
-       "encoding/gob"
-       "encoding/json"
-       "errors"
-       "flag"
-       "fmt"
-       "io"
-       "io/ioutil"
-       "math"
-       "net/http"
-       _ "net/http/pprof"
-       "os"
-       "regexp"
-       "runtime"
-       "runtime/debug"
-       "sort"
-       "strconv"
-       "strings"
-       "sync/atomic"
-       "unsafe"
-
-       "git.arvados.org/arvados.git/sdk/go/arvados"
-       "github.com/arvados/lightning/hgvs"
-       "github.com/james-bowman/nlp"
-       "github.com/kshedden/gonpy"
-       "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-       log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-       "golang.org/x/crypto/blake2b"
-       "gonum.org/v1/gonum/mat"
-)
-
-const annotationMaxTileSpan = 100
-
-type sliceNumpy struct {
-       filter          filter
-       threads         int
-       chi2Cases       []bool
-       chi2PValue      float64
-       pcaComponents   int
-       minCoverage     int
-       includeVariant1 bool
-       debugTag        tagID
-
-       cgnames         []string
-       samples         []sampleInfo
-       trainingSet     []int // samples index => training set index, or -1 if not in training set
-       trainingSetSize int
-       pvalue          func(onehot []bool) float64
-       pvalueCallCount int64
-}
-
-func (cmd *sliceNumpy) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, stdout, stderr io.Writer) int {
-       err := cmd.run(prog, args, stdin, stdout, stderr)
-       if err != nil {
-               fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", err)
-               return 1
-       }
-       return 0
-}
-
-func (cmd *sliceNumpy) run(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, stdout, stderr io.Writer) error {
-       flags := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
-       flags.SetOutput(stderr)
-       pprof := flags.String("pprof", "", "serve Go profile data at http://`[addr]:port`")
-       runlocal := flags.Bool("local", false, "run on local host (default: run in an arvados container)")
-       arvadosRAM := flags.Int("arvados-ram", 750000000000, "amount of memory to request for arvados container (`bytes`)")
-       arvadosVCPUs := flags.Int("arvados-vcpus", 96, "number of VCPUs to request for arvados container")
-       projectUUID := flags.String("project", "", "project `UUID` for output data")
-       priority := flags.Int("priority", 500, "container request priority")
-       preemptible := flags.Bool("preemptible", true, "request preemptible instance")
-       inputDir := flags.String("input-dir", "./in", "input `directory`")
-       outputDir := flags.String("output-dir", "./out", "output `directory`")
-       ref := flags.String("ref", "", "reference name (if blank, choose last one that appears in input)")
-       regionsFilename := flags.String("regions", "", "only output columns/annotations that intersect regions in specified bed `file`")
-       expandRegions := flags.Int("expand-regions", 0, "expand specified regions by `N` base pairs on each side`")
-       mergeOutput := flags.Bool("merge-output", false, "merge output into one matrix.npy and one matrix.annotations.csv")
-       hgvsSingle := flags.Bool("single-hgvs-matrix", false, "also generate hgvs-based matrix")
-       hgvsChunked := flags.Bool("chunked-hgvs-matrix", false, "also generate hgvs-based matrix per chromosome")
-       onehotSingle := flags.Bool("single-onehot", false, "generate one-hot tile-based matrix")
-       onehotChunked := flags.Bool("chunked-onehot", false, "generate one-hot tile-based matrix per input chunk")
-       samplesFilename := flags.String("samples", "", "`samples.csv` file with training/validation and case/control groups (see 'lightning choose-samples')")
-       caseControlOnly := flags.Bool("case-control-only", false, "drop samples that are not in case/control groups")
-       onlyPCA := flags.Bool("pca", false, "run principal component analysis, write components to pca.npy and samples.csv")
-       flags.IntVar(&cmd.pcaComponents, "pca-components", 4, "number of PCA components to compute / use in logistic regression")
-       maxPCATiles := flags.Int("max-pca-tiles", 0, "maximum tiles to use as PCA input (filter, then drop every 2nd colum pair until below max)")
-       debugTag := flags.Int("debug-tag", -1, "log debugging details about specified tag")
-       flags.IntVar(&cmd.threads, "threads", 16, "number of memory-hungry assembly threads, and number of VCPUs to request for arvados container")
-       flags.Float64Var(&cmd.chi2PValue, "chi2-p-value", 1, "do Χ² test (or logistic regression if -samples file has PCA components) and omit columns with p-value above this threshold")
-       flags.BoolVar(&cmd.includeVariant1, "include-variant-1", false, "include most common variant when building one-hot matrix")
-       cmd.filter.Flags(flags)
-       err := flags.Parse(args)
-       if err == flag.ErrHelp {
-               return nil
-       } else if err != nil {
-               return err
-       } else if flags.NArg() > 0 {
-               return fmt.Errorf("errant command line arguments after parsed flags: %v", flags.Args())
-       }
-
-       if *pprof != "" {
-               go func() {
-                       log.Println(http.ListenAndServe(*pprof, nil))
-               }()
-       }
-
-       if cmd.chi2PValue != 1 && *samplesFilename == "" {
-               return fmt.Errorf("cannot use provided -chi2-p-value=%f because -samples= value is empty", cmd.chi2PValue)
-       }
-
-       cmd.debugTag = tagID(*debugTag)
-
-       if !*runlocal {
-               runner := arvadosContainerRunner{
-                       Name:        "lightning slice-numpy",
-                       Client:      arvados.NewClientFromEnv(),
-                       ProjectUUID: *projectUUID,
-                       RAM:         int64(*arvadosRAM),
-                       VCPUs:       *arvadosVCPUs,
-                       Priority:    *priority,
-                       KeepCache:   2,
-                       APIAccess:   true,
-                       Preemptible: *preemptible,
-               }
-               err = runner.TranslatePaths(inputDir, regionsFilename, samplesFilename)
-               if err != nil {
-                       return err
-               }
-               runner.Args = []string{"slice-numpy", "-local=true",
-                       "-pprof=:6060",
-                       "-input-dir=" + *inputDir,
-                       "-output-dir=/mnt/output",
-                       "-threads=" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", cmd.threads),
-                       "-regions=" + *regionsFilename,
-                       "-expand-regions=" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", *expandRegions),
-                       "-merge-output=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *mergeOutput),
-                       "-single-hgvs-matrix=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *hgvsSingle),
-                       "-chunked-hgvs-matrix=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *hgvsChunked),
-                       "-single-onehot=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *onehotSingle),
-                       "-chunked-onehot=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *onehotChunked),
-                       "-samples=" + *samplesFilename,
-                       "-case-control-only=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *caseControlOnly),
-                       "-pca=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", *onlyPCA),
-                       "-pca-components=" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", cmd.pcaComponents),
-                       "-max-pca-tiles=" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", *maxPCATiles),
-                       "-chi2-p-value=" + fmt.Sprintf("%f", cmd.chi2PValue),
-                       "-include-variant-1=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", cmd.includeVariant1),
-                       "-debug-tag=" + fmt.Sprintf("%d", cmd.debugTag),
-               }
-               runner.Args = append(runner.Args, cmd.filter.Args()...)
-               var output string
-               output, err = runner.Run()
-               if err != nil {
-                       return err
-               }
-               fmt.Fprintln(stdout, output)
-               return nil
-       }
-
-       infiles, err := allFiles(*inputDir, matchGobFile)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       if len(infiles) == 0 {
-               err = fmt.Errorf("no input files found in %s", *inputDir)
-               return err
-       }
-       sort.Strings(infiles)
-
-       var refseq map[string][]tileLibRef
-       var reftiledata = make(map[tileLibRef][]byte, 11000000)
-       in0, err := open(infiles[0])
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-
-       matchGenome, err := regexp.Compile(cmd.filter.MatchGenome)
-       if err != nil {
-               err = fmt.Errorf("-match-genome: invalid regexp: %q", cmd.filter.MatchGenome)
-               return err
-       }
-
-       if *samplesFilename != "" {
-               cmd.samples, err = loadSampleInfo(*samplesFilename)
-               if err != nil {
-                       return err
-               }
-       } else if *caseControlOnly {
-               return fmt.Errorf("-case-control-only does not make sense without -samples")
-       }
-
-       cmd.cgnames = nil
-       var tagset [][]byte
-       err = DecodeLibrary(in0, strings.HasSuffix(infiles[0], ".gz"), func(ent *LibraryEntry) error {
-               if len(ent.TagSet) > 0 {
-                       tagset = ent.TagSet
-               }
-               for _, cseq := range ent.CompactSequences {
-                       if cseq.Name == *ref || *ref == "" {
-                               refseq = cseq.TileSequences
-                       }
-               }
-               for _, cg := range ent.CompactGenomes {
-                       if matchGenome.MatchString(cg.Name) {
-                               cmd.cgnames = append(cmd.cgnames, cg.Name)
-                       }
-               }
-               for _, tv := range ent.TileVariants {
-                       if tv.Ref {
-                               reftiledata[tileLibRef{tv.Tag, tv.Variant}] = tv.Sequence
-                       }
-               }
-               return nil
-       })
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       in0.Close()
-       if refseq == nil {
-               err = fmt.Errorf("%s: reference sequence not found", infiles[0])
-               return err
-       }
-       if len(tagset) == 0 {
-               err = fmt.Errorf("tagset not found")
-               return err
-       }
-
-       taglib := &tagLibrary{}
-       err = taglib.setTags(tagset)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       taglen := taglib.TagLen()
-       sort.Strings(cmd.cgnames)
-
-       if len(cmd.cgnames) == 0 {
-               return fmt.Errorf("fatal: 0 matching samples in library, nothing to do")
-       }
-       cmd.trainingSet = make([]int, len(cmd.cgnames))
-       if *samplesFilename == "" {
-               cmd.trainingSetSize = len(cmd.cgnames)
-               for i, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-                       cmd.samples = append(cmd.samples, sampleInfo{
-                               id:         trimFilenameForLabel(name),
-                               isTraining: true,
-                       })
-                       cmd.trainingSet[i] = i
-               }
-       } else if len(cmd.cgnames) != len(cmd.samples) {
-               return fmt.Errorf("mismatched sample list: %d samples in library, %d in %s", len(cmd.cgnames), len(cmd.samples), *samplesFilename)
-       } else {
-               for i, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-                       if s := trimFilenameForLabel(name); s != cmd.samples[i].id {
-                               return fmt.Errorf("mismatched sample list: sample %d is %q in library, %q in %s", i, s, cmd.samples[i].id, *samplesFilename)
-                       }
-               }
-               if *caseControlOnly {
-                       for i := 0; i < len(cmd.samples); i++ {
-                               if !cmd.samples[i].isTraining && !cmd.samples[i].isValidation {
-                                       if i+1 < len(cmd.samples) {
-                                               copy(cmd.samples[i:], cmd.samples[i+1:])
-                                               copy(cmd.cgnames[i:], cmd.cgnames[i+1:])
-                                       }
-                                       cmd.samples = cmd.samples[:len(cmd.samples)-1]
-                                       cmd.cgnames = cmd.cgnames[:len(cmd.cgnames)-1]
-                                       i--
-                               }
-                       }
-               }
-               cmd.chi2Cases = nil
-               cmd.trainingSetSize = 0
-               for i := range cmd.cgnames {
-                       if cmd.samples[i].isTraining {
-                               cmd.trainingSet[i] = cmd.trainingSetSize
-                               cmd.trainingSetSize++
-                               cmd.chi2Cases = append(cmd.chi2Cases, cmd.samples[i].isCase)
-                       } else {
-                               cmd.trainingSet[i] = -1
-                       }
-               }
-               if cmd.pvalue == nil {
-                       cmd.pvalue = func(onehot []bool) float64 {
-                               return pvalue(onehot, cmd.chi2Cases)
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-       if cmd.filter.MinCoverage == 1 {
-               // In the generic formula below, floating point
-               // arithmetic can effectively push the coverage
-               // threshold above 1.0, which is impossible/useless.
-               // 1.0 needs to mean exactly 100% coverage.
-               cmd.minCoverage = len(cmd.cgnames)
-       } else {
-               cmd.minCoverage = int(math.Ceil(cmd.filter.MinCoverage * float64(len(cmd.cgnames))))
-       }
-
-       if len(cmd.samples[0].pcaComponents) > 0 {
-               cmd.pvalue = glmPvalueFunc(cmd.samples, cmd.pcaComponents)
-               // Unfortunately, statsmodel/glm lib logs stuff to
-               // os.Stdout when it panics on an unsolvable
-               // problem. We recover() from the panic in glm.go, but
-               // we also need to commandeer os.Stdout to avoid
-               // producing large quantities of logs.
-               stdoutWas := os.Stdout
-               defer func() { os.Stdout = stdoutWas }()
-               os.Stdout, err = os.Open(os.DevNull)
-               if err != nil {
-                       return err
-               }
-       }
-
-       // cgnamemap[name]==true for samples that we are including in
-       // output
-       cgnamemap := map[string]bool{}
-       for _, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-               cgnamemap[name] = true
-       }
-
-       err = writeSampleInfo(cmd.samples, *outputDir)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-
-       log.Info("indexing reference tiles")
-       type reftileinfo struct {
-               variant  tileVariantID
-               seqname  string // chr1
-               pos      int    // distance from start of chromosome to starttag
-               tiledata []byte // acgtggcaa...
-               excluded bool   // true if excluded by regions file
-               nexttag  tagID  // tagID of following tile (-1 for last tag of chromosome)
-       }
-       isdup := map[tagID]bool{}
-       reftile := map[tagID]*reftileinfo{}
-       for seqname, cseq := range refseq {
-               pos := 0
-               lastreftag := tagID(-1)
-               for _, libref := range cseq {
-                       if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && libref.Tag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
-                               continue
-                       }
-                       tiledata := reftiledata[libref]
-                       if len(tiledata) == 0 {
-                               err = fmt.Errorf("missing tiledata for tag %d variant %d in %s in ref", libref.Tag, libref.Variant, seqname)
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       foundthistag := false
-                       taglib.FindAll(tiledata[:len(tiledata)-1], func(tagid tagID, offset, _ int) {
-                               if !foundthistag && tagid == libref.Tag {
-                                       foundthistag = true
-                                       return
-                               }
-                               if dupref, ok := reftile[tagid]; ok {
-                                       log.Printf("dropping reference tile %+v from %s @ %d, tag not unique, also found inside %+v from %s @ %d", tileLibRef{Tag: tagid, Variant: dupref.variant}, dupref.seqname, dupref.pos, libref, seqname, pos+offset+1)
-                                       delete(reftile, tagid)
-                               } else {
-                                       log.Printf("found tag %d at offset %d inside tile variant %+v on %s @ %d", tagid, offset, libref, seqname, pos+offset+1)
-                               }
-                               isdup[tagid] = true
-                       })
-                       if isdup[libref.Tag] {
-                               log.Printf("dropping reference tile %+v from %s @ %d, tag not unique", libref, seqname, pos)
-                       } else if reftile[libref.Tag] != nil {
-                               log.Printf("dropping reference tile %+v from %s @ %d, tag not unique", tileLibRef{Tag: libref.Tag, Variant: reftile[libref.Tag].variant}, reftile[libref.Tag].seqname, reftile[libref.Tag].pos)
-                               delete(reftile, libref.Tag)
-                               log.Printf("dropping reference tile %+v from %s @ %d, tag not unique", libref, seqname, pos)
-                               isdup[libref.Tag] = true
-                       } else {
-                               reftile[libref.Tag] = &reftileinfo{
-                                       seqname:  seqname,
-                                       variant:  libref.Variant,
-                                       tiledata: tiledata,
-                                       pos:      pos,
-                                       nexttag:  -1,
-                               }
-                               if lastreftag >= 0 {
-                                       reftile[lastreftag].nexttag = libref.Tag
-                               }
-                               lastreftag = libref.Tag
-                       }
-                       pos += len(tiledata) - taglen
-               }
-               log.Printf("... %s done, len %d", seqname, pos+taglen)
-       }
-
-       var mask *mask
-       if *regionsFilename != "" {
-               log.Printf("loading regions from %s", *regionsFilename)
-               mask, err = makeMask(*regionsFilename, *expandRegions)
-               if err != nil {
-                       return err
-               }
-               log.Printf("before applying mask, len(reftile) == %d", len(reftile))
-               log.Printf("deleting reftile entries for regions outside %d intervals", mask.Len())
-               for _, rt := range reftile {
-                       if !mask.Check(strings.TrimPrefix(rt.seqname, "chr"), rt.pos, rt.pos+len(rt.tiledata)) {
-                               rt.excluded = true
-                       }
-               }
-               log.Printf("after applying mask, len(reftile) == %d", len(reftile))
-       }
-
-       type hgvsColSet map[hgvs.Variant][2][]int8
-       encodeHGVS := throttle{Max: len(refseq)}
-       encodeHGVSTodo := map[string]chan hgvsColSet{}
-       tmpHGVSCols := map[string]*os.File{}
-       if *hgvsChunked {
-               for seqname := range refseq {
-                       var f *os.File
-                       f, err = os.Create(*outputDir + "/tmp." + seqname + ".gob")
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       defer os.Remove(f.Name())
-                       bufw := bufio.NewWriterSize(f, 1<<24)
-                       enc := gob.NewEncoder(bufw)
-                       tmpHGVSCols[seqname] = f
-                       todo := make(chan hgvsColSet, 128)
-                       encodeHGVSTodo[seqname] = todo
-                       encodeHGVS.Go(func() error {
-                               for colset := range todo {
-                                       err := enc.Encode(colset)
-                                       if err != nil {
-                                               encodeHGVS.Report(err)
-                                               for range todo {
-                                               }
-                                               return err
-                                       }
-                               }
-                               return bufw.Flush()
-                       })
-               }
-       }
-
-       var toMerge [][]int16
-       if *mergeOutput || *hgvsSingle {
-               toMerge = make([][]int16, len(infiles))
-       }
-       var onehotIndirect [][2][]uint32 // [chunkIndex][axis][index]
-       var onehotChunkSize []uint32
-       var onehotXrefs [][]onehotXref
-       if *onehotSingle || *onlyPCA {
-               onehotIndirect = make([][2][]uint32, len(infiles))
-               onehotChunkSize = make([]uint32, len(infiles))
-               onehotXrefs = make([][]onehotXref, len(infiles))
-       }
-       chunkStartTag := make([]tagID, len(infiles))
-
-       throttleMem := throttle{Max: cmd.threads} // TODO: estimate using mem and data size
-       throttleNumpyMem := throttle{Max: cmd.threads/2 + 1}
-       log.Info("generating annotations and numpy matrix for each slice")
-       var errSkip = errors.New("skip infile")
-       var done int64
-       for infileIdx, infile := range infiles {
-               infileIdx, infile := infileIdx, infile
-               throttleMem.Go(func() error {
-                       seq := make(map[tagID][]TileVariant, 50000)
-                       cgs := make(map[string]CompactGenome, len(cmd.cgnames))
-                       f, err := open(infile)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       defer f.Close()
-                       log.Infof("%04d: reading %s", infileIdx, infile)
-                       err = DecodeLibrary(f, strings.HasSuffix(infile, ".gz"), func(ent *LibraryEntry) error {
-                               for _, tv := range ent.TileVariants {
-                                       if tv.Ref {
-                                               continue
-                                       }
-                                       // Skip tile with no
-                                       // corresponding ref tile, if
-                                       // mask is in play (we can't
-                                       // determine coordinates for
-                                       // these)
-                                       if mask != nil && reftile[tv.Tag] == nil {
-                                               continue
-                                       }
-                                       // Skip tile whose
-                                       // corresponding ref tile is
-                                       // outside target regions --
-                                       // unless it's a potential
-                                       // spanning tile.
-                                       if mask != nil && reftile[tv.Tag].excluded &&
-                                               (int(tv.Tag+1) >= len(tagset) ||
-                                                       (bytes.HasSuffix(tv.Sequence, tagset[tv.Tag+1]) && reftile[tv.Tag+1] != nil && !reftile[tv.Tag+1].excluded)) {
-                                               continue
-                                       }
-                                       if tv.Tag == cmd.debugTag {
-                                               log.Printf("infile %d %s tag %d variant %d hash %x", infileIdx, infile, tv.Tag, tv.Variant, tv.Blake2b[:3])
-                                       }
-                                       variants := seq[tv.Tag]
-                                       if len(variants) == 0 {
-                                               variants = make([]TileVariant, 100)
-                                       }
-                                       for len(variants) <= int(tv.Variant) {
-                                               variants = append(variants, TileVariant{})
-                                       }
-                                       variants[int(tv.Variant)] = tv
-                                       seq[tv.Tag] = variants
-                               }
-                               for _, cg := range ent.CompactGenomes {
-                                       if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && cg.StartTag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
-                                               return errSkip
-                                       }
-                                       if !cgnamemap[cg.Name] {
-                                               continue
-                                       }
-                                       // pad to full slice size
-                                       // to avoid out-of-bounds
-                                       // checks later
-                                       if sliceSize := 2 * int(cg.EndTag-cg.StartTag); len(cg.Variants) < sliceSize {
-                                               cg.Variants = append(cg.Variants, make([]tileVariantID, sliceSize-len(cg.Variants))...)
-                                       }
-                                       cgs[cg.Name] = cg
-                               }
-                               return nil
-                       })
-                       if err == errSkip {
-                               return nil
-                       } else if err != nil {
-                               return fmt.Errorf("%04d: DecodeLibrary(%s): err", infileIdx, infile)
-                       }
-                       tagstart := cgs[cmd.cgnames[0]].StartTag
-                       tagend := cgs[cmd.cgnames[0]].EndTag
-                       chunkStartTag[infileIdx] = tagstart
-
-                       // TODO: filters
-
-                       log.Infof("%04d: renumber/dedup variants for tags %d-%d", infileIdx, tagstart, tagend)
-                       variantRemap := make([][]tileVariantID, tagend-tagstart)
-                       throttleCPU := throttle{Max: runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)}
-                       for tag, variants := range seq {
-                               tag, variants := tag, variants
-                               throttleCPU.Go(func() error {
-                                       alleleCoverage := 0
-                                       count := make(map[[blake2b.Size256]byte]int, len(variants))
-
-                                       rt := reftile[tag]
-                                       if rt != nil {
-                                               count[blake2b.Sum256(rt.tiledata)] = 0
-                                       }
-
-                                       for cgname, cg := range cgs {
-                                               idx := int(tag-tagstart) * 2
-                                               for allele := 0; allele < 2; allele++ {
-                                                       v := cg.Variants[idx+allele]
-                                                       if v > 0 && len(variants[v].Sequence) > 0 {
-                                                               count[variants[v].Blake2b]++
-                                                               alleleCoverage++
-                                                       }
-                                                       if v > 0 && tag == cmd.debugTag {
-                                                               log.Printf("tag %d cg %s allele %d tv %d hash %x count is now %d", tag, cgname, allele, v, variants[v].Blake2b[:3], count[variants[v].Blake2b])
-                                                       }
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                                       if alleleCoverage < cmd.minCoverage*2 {
-                                               idx := int(tag-tagstart) * 2
-                                               for _, cg := range cgs {
-                                                       cg.Variants[idx] = 0
-                                                       cg.Variants[idx+1] = 0
-                                               }
-                                               if tag == cmd.debugTag {
-                                                       log.Printf("tag %d alleleCoverage %d < min %d, sample data wiped", tag, alleleCoverage, cmd.minCoverage*2)
-                                               }
-                                               return nil
-                                       }
-
-                                       // hash[i] will be the hash of
-                                       // the variant(s) that should
-                                       // be at rank i (0-based).
-                                       hash := make([][blake2b.Size256]byte, 0, len(count))
-                                       for b := range count {
-                                               hash = append(hash, b)
-                                       }
-                                       sort.Slice(hash, func(i, j int) bool {
-                                               bi, bj := &hash[i], &hash[j]
-                                               if ci, cj := count[*bi], count[*bj]; ci != cj {
-                                                       return ci > cj
-                                               } else {
-                                                       return bytes.Compare((*bi)[:], (*bj)[:]) < 0
-                                               }
-                                       })
-                                       // rank[b] will be the 1-based
-                                       // new variant number for
-                                       // variants whose hash is b.
-                                       rank := make(map[[blake2b.Size256]byte]tileVariantID, len(hash))
-                                       for i, h := range hash {
-                                               rank[h] = tileVariantID(i + 1)
-                                       }
-                                       if tag == cmd.debugTag {
-                                               for h, r := range rank {
-                                                       log.Printf("tag %d rank(%x) = %v", tag, h[:3], r)
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                                       // remap[v] will be the new
-                                       // variant number for original
-                                       // variant number v.
-                                       remap := make([]tileVariantID, len(variants))
-                                       for i, tv := range variants {
-                                               remap[i] = rank[tv.Blake2b]
-                                       }
-                                       if tag == cmd.debugTag {
-                                               for in, out := range remap {
-                                                       if out > 0 {
-                                                               log.Printf("tag %d remap %d => %d", tag, in, out)
-                                                       }
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                                       variantRemap[tag-tagstart] = remap
-                                       if rt != nil {
-                                               refrank := rank[blake2b.Sum256(rt.tiledata)]
-                                               if tag == cmd.debugTag {
-                                                       log.Printf("tag %d reftile variant %d => %d", tag, rt.variant, refrank)
-                                               }
-                                               rt.variant = refrank
-                                       }
-                                       return nil
-                               })
-                       }
-                       throttleCPU.Wait()
-
-                       var onehotChunk [][]int8
-                       var onehotXref []onehotXref
-
-                       var annotationsFilename string
-                       if *onlyPCA {
-                               annotationsFilename = "/dev/null"
-                       } else {
-                               annotationsFilename = fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.%04d.annotations.csv", *outputDir, infileIdx)
-                               log.Infof("%04d: writing %s", infileIdx, annotationsFilename)
-                       }
-                       annof, err := os.Create(annotationsFilename)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       annow := bufio.NewWriterSize(annof, 1<<20)
-                       outcol := 0
-                       for tag := tagstart; tag < tagend; tag++ {
-                               rt := reftile[tag]
-                               if rt == nil && mask != nil {
-                                       // With no ref tile, we don't
-                                       // have coordinates to say
-                                       // this is in the desired
-                                       // regions -- so it's not.
-                                       // TODO: handle ref spanning
-                                       // tile case.
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               if rt != nil && rt.excluded {
-                                       // TODO: don't skip yet --
-                                       // first check for spanning
-                                       // tile variants that
-                                       // intersect non-excluded ref
-                                       // tiles.
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && tag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
-                                       break
-                               }
-                               remap := variantRemap[tag-tagstart]
-                               if remap == nil {
-                                       // was not assigned above,
-                                       // because minCoverage
-                                       outcol++
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               maxv := tileVariantID(0)
-                               for _, v := range remap {
-                                       if maxv < v {
-                                               maxv = v
-                                       }
-                               }
-                               if *onehotChunked || *onehotSingle || *onlyPCA {
-                                       onehot, xrefs := cmd.tv2homhet(cgs, maxv, remap, tag, tagstart, seq)
-                                       if tag == cmd.debugTag {
-                                               log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-                                                       "onehot": onehot,
-                                                       "xrefs":  xrefs,
-                                               }).Info("tv2homhet()")
-                                       }
-                                       onehotChunk = append(onehotChunk, onehot...)
-                                       onehotXref = append(onehotXref, xrefs...)
-                               }
-                               if *onlyPCA {
-                                       outcol++
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               if rt == nil {
-                                       // Reference does not use any
-                                       // variant of this tile
-                                       //
-                                       // TODO: diff against the
-                                       // relevant portion of the
-                                       // ref's spanning tile
-                                       outcol++
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               fmt.Fprintf(annow, "%d,%d,%d,=,%s,%d,,,\n", tag, outcol, rt.variant, rt.seqname, rt.pos)
-                               variants := seq[tag]
-                               reftilestr := strings.ToUpper(string(rt.tiledata))
-
-                               done := make([]bool, maxv+1)
-                               variantDiffs := make([][]hgvs.Variant, maxv+1)
-                               for v, tv := range variants {
-                                       v := remap[v]
-                                       if v == 0 || v == rt.variant || done[v] {
-                                               continue
-                                       } else {
-                                               done[v] = true
-                                       }
-                                       if len(tv.Sequence) < taglen {
-                                               continue
-                                       }
-                                       // if reftilestr doesn't end
-                                       // in the same tag as tv,
-                                       // extend reftilestr with
-                                       // following ref tiles until
-                                       // it does (up to an arbitrary
-                                       // sanity-check limit)
-                                       reftilestr := reftilestr
-                                       endtagstr := strings.ToUpper(string(tv.Sequence[len(tv.Sequence)-taglen:]))
-                                       for i, rt := 0, rt; i < annotationMaxTileSpan && !strings.HasSuffix(reftilestr, endtagstr) && rt.nexttag >= 0; i++ {
-                                               rt = reftile[rt.nexttag]
-                                               if rt == nil {
-                                                       break
-                                               }
-                                               reftilestr += strings.ToUpper(string(rt.tiledata[taglen:]))
-                                       }
-                                       if mask != nil && !mask.Check(strings.TrimPrefix(rt.seqname, "chr"), rt.pos, rt.pos+len(reftilestr)) {
-                                               continue
-                                       }
-                                       if !strings.HasSuffix(reftilestr, endtagstr) {
-                                               fmt.Fprintf(annow, "%d,%d,%d,,%s,%d,,,\n", tag, outcol, v, rt.seqname, rt.pos)
-                                               continue
-                                       }
-                                       if lendiff := len(reftilestr) - len(tv.Sequence); lendiff < -1000 || lendiff > 1000 {
-                                               fmt.Fprintf(annow, "%d,%d,%d,,%s,%d,,,\n", tag, outcol, v, rt.seqname, rt.pos)
-                                               continue
-                                       }
-                                       diffs, _ := hgvs.Diff(reftilestr, strings.ToUpper(string(tv.Sequence)), 0)
-                                       for i := range diffs {
-                                               diffs[i].Position += rt.pos
-                                       }
-                                       for _, diff := range diffs {
-                                               fmt.Fprintf(annow, "%d,%d,%d,%s:g.%s,%s,%d,%s,%s,%s\n", tag, outcol, v, rt.seqname, diff.String(), rt.seqname, diff.Position, diff.Ref, diff.New, diff.Left)
-                                       }
-                                       if *hgvsChunked {
-                                               variantDiffs[v] = diffs
-                                       }
-                               }
-                               if *hgvsChunked {
-                                       // We can now determine, for each HGVS
-                                       // variant (diff) in this reftile
-                                       // region, whether a given genome
-                                       // phase/allele (1) has the variant, (0) has
-                                       // =ref or a different variant in that
-                                       // position, or (-1) is lacking
-                                       // coverage / couldn't be diffed.
-                                       hgvsCol := hgvsColSet{}
-                                       for _, diffs := range variantDiffs {
-                                               for _, diff := range diffs {
-                                                       if _, ok := hgvsCol[diff]; ok {
-                                                               continue
-                                                       }
-                                                       hgvsCol[diff] = [2][]int8{
-                                                               make([]int8, len(cmd.cgnames)),
-                                                               make([]int8, len(cmd.cgnames)),
-                                                       }
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                                       for row, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-                                               variants := cgs[name].Variants[(tag-tagstart)*2:]
-                                               for ph := 0; ph < 2; ph++ {
-                                                       v := variants[ph]
-                                                       if int(v) >= len(remap) {
-                                                               v = 0
-                                                       } else {
-                                                               v = remap[v]
-                                                       }
-                                                       if v == rt.variant {
-                                                               // hgvsCol[*][ph][row] is already 0
-                                                       } else if len(variantDiffs[v]) == 0 {
-                                                               // lacking coverage / couldn't be diffed
-                                                               for _, col := range hgvsCol {
-                                                                       col[ph][row] = -1
-                                                               }
-                                                       } else {
-                                                               for _, diff := range variantDiffs[v] {
-                                                                       hgvsCol[diff][ph][row] = 1
-                                                               }
-                                                       }
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                                       for diff, colpair := range hgvsCol {
-                                               allele2homhet(colpair)
-                                               if !cmd.filterHGVScolpair(colpair) {
-                                                       delete(hgvsCol, diff)
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                                       if len(hgvsCol) > 0 {
-                                               encodeHGVSTodo[rt.seqname] <- hgvsCol
-                                       }
-                               }
-                               outcol++
-                       }
-                       err = annow.Flush()
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       err = annof.Close()
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-
-                       if *onehotChunked {
-                               // transpose onehotChunk[col][row] to numpy[row*ncols+col]
-                               rows := len(cmd.cgnames)
-                               cols := len(onehotChunk)
-                               log.Infof("%04d: preparing onehot numpy (rows=%d, cols=%d, mem=%d)", infileIdx, rows, cols, rows*cols)
-                               throttleNumpyMem.Acquire()
-                               out := onehotcols2int8(onehotChunk)
-                               fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot.%04d.npy", *outputDir, infileIdx)
-                               err = writeNumpyInt8(fnm, out, rows, cols)
-                               if err != nil {
-                                       return err
-                               }
-                               fnm = fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot-columns.%04d.npy", *outputDir, infileIdx)
-                               err = writeNumpyInt32(fnm, onehotXref2int32(onehotXref), 4, len(onehotXref))
-                               if err != nil {
-                                       return err
-                               }
-                               debug.FreeOSMemory()
-                               throttleNumpyMem.Release()
-                       }
-                       if *onehotSingle || *onlyPCA {
-                               onehotIndirect[infileIdx] = onehotChunk2Indirect(onehotChunk)
-                               onehotChunkSize[infileIdx] = uint32(len(onehotChunk))
-                               onehotXrefs[infileIdx] = onehotXref
-                               n := len(onehotIndirect[infileIdx][0])
-                               log.Infof("%04d: keeping onehot coordinates in memory (n=%d, mem=%d)", infileIdx, n, n*8*2)
-                       }
-                       if !(*onehotSingle || *onehotChunked || *onlyPCA) || *mergeOutput || *hgvsSingle {
-                               log.Infof("%04d: preparing numpy (rows=%d, cols=%d)", infileIdx, len(cmd.cgnames), 2*outcol)
-                               throttleNumpyMem.Acquire()
-                               rows := len(cmd.cgnames)
-                               cols := 2 * outcol
-                               out := make([]int16, rows*cols)
-                               for row, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-                                       outidx := row * cols
-                                       for col, v := range cgs[name].Variants {
-                                               tag := tagstart + tagID(col/2)
-                                               if cmd.filter.MaxTag >= 0 && tag > tagID(cmd.filter.MaxTag) {
-                                                       break
-                                               }
-                                               if rt := reftile[tag]; rt == nil || rt.excluded {
-                                                       continue
-                                               }
-                                               if v == 0 {
-                                                       out[outidx] = 0 // tag not found / spanning tile
-                                               } else if variants, ok := seq[tag]; ok && int(v) < len(variants) && len(variants[v].Sequence) > 0 {
-                                                       out[outidx] = int16(variantRemap[tag-tagstart][v])
-                                               } else {
-                                                       out[outidx] = -1 // low quality tile variant
-                                               }
-                                               if tag == cmd.debugTag {
-                                                       log.Printf("tag %d row %d col %d outidx %d v %d out %d", tag, row, col, outidx, v, out[outidx])
-                                               }
-                                               outidx++
-                                       }
-                               }
-                               seq = nil
-                               cgs = nil
-                               debug.FreeOSMemory()
-                               throttleNumpyMem.Release()
-                               if *mergeOutput || *hgvsSingle {
-                                       log.Infof("%04d: matrix fragment %d rows x %d cols", infileIdx, rows, cols)
-                                       toMerge[infileIdx] = out
-                               }
-                               if !*mergeOutput && !*onehotChunked && !*onehotSingle {
-                                       fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.%04d.npy", *outputDir, infileIdx)
-                                       err = writeNumpyInt16(fnm, out, rows, cols)
-                                       if err != nil {
-                                               return err
-                                       }
-                               }
-                       }
-                       debug.FreeOSMemory()
-                       log.Infof("%s: done (%d/%d)", infile, int(atomic.AddInt64(&done, 1)), len(infiles))
-                       return nil
-               })
-       }
-       if err = throttleMem.Wait(); err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-
-       if *hgvsChunked {
-               log.Info("flushing hgvsCols temp files")
-               for seqname := range refseq {
-                       close(encodeHGVSTodo[seqname])
-               }
-               err = encodeHGVS.Wait()
-               if err != nil {
-                       return err
-               }
-               for seqname := range refseq {
-                       log.Infof("%s: reading hgvsCols from temp file", seqname)
-                       f := tmpHGVSCols[seqname]
-                       _, err = f.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       var hgvsCols hgvsColSet
-                       dec := gob.NewDecoder(bufio.NewReaderSize(f, 1<<24))
-                       for err == nil {
-                               err = dec.Decode(&hgvsCols)
-                       }
-                       if err != io.EOF {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       log.Infof("%s: sorting %d hgvs variants", seqname, len(hgvsCols))
-                       variants := make([]hgvs.Variant, 0, len(hgvsCols))
-                       for v := range hgvsCols {
-                               variants = append(variants, v)
-                       }
-                       sort.Slice(variants, func(i, j int) bool {
-                               vi, vj := &variants[i], &variants[j]
-                               if vi.Position != vj.Position {
-                                       return vi.Position < vj.Position
-                               } else if vi.Ref != vj.Ref {
-                                       return vi.Ref < vj.Ref
-                               } else {
-                                       return vi.New < vj.New
-                               }
-                       })
-                       rows := len(cmd.cgnames)
-                       cols := len(variants) * 2
-                       log.Infof("%s: building hgvs matrix (rows=%d, cols=%d, mem=%d)", seqname, rows, cols, rows*cols)
-                       out := make([]int8, rows*cols)
-                       for varIdx, variant := range variants {
-                               hgvsCols := hgvsCols[variant]
-                               for row := range cmd.cgnames {
-                                       for ph := 0; ph < 2; ph++ {
-                                               out[row*cols+varIdx+ph] = hgvsCols[ph][row]
-                                       }
-                               }
-                       }
-                       err = writeNumpyInt8(fmt.Sprintf("%s/hgvs.%s.npy", *outputDir, seqname), out, rows, cols)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       out = nil
-
-                       fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/hgvs.%s.annotations.csv", *outputDir, seqname)
-                       log.Infof("%s: writing hgvs column labels to %s", seqname, fnm)
-                       var hgvsLabels bytes.Buffer
-                       for varIdx, variant := range variants {
-                               fmt.Fprintf(&hgvsLabels, "%d,%s:g.%s\n", varIdx, seqname, variant.String())
-                       }
-                       err = ioutil.WriteFile(fnm, hgvsLabels.Bytes(), 0666)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-
-       if *mergeOutput || *hgvsSingle {
-               var annow *bufio.Writer
-               var annof *os.File
-               if *mergeOutput {
-                       annoFilename := fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.annotations.csv", *outputDir)
-                       annof, err = os.Create(annoFilename)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       annow = bufio.NewWriterSize(annof, 1<<20)
-               }
-
-               rows := len(cmd.cgnames)
-               cols := 0
-               for _, chunk := range toMerge {
-                       cols += len(chunk) / rows
-               }
-               log.Infof("merging output matrix (rows=%d, cols=%d, mem=%d) and annotations", rows, cols, rows*cols*2)
-               var out []int16
-               if *mergeOutput {
-                       out = make([]int16, rows*cols)
-               }
-               hgvsCols := map[string][2][]int16{} // hgvs -> [[g0,g1,g2,...], [g0,g1,g2,...]] (slice of genomes for each phase)
-               startcol := 0
-               for outIdx, chunk := range toMerge {
-                       chunkcols := len(chunk) / rows
-                       if *mergeOutput {
-                               for row := 0; row < rows; row++ {
-                                       copy(out[row*cols+startcol:], chunk[row*chunkcols:(row+1)*chunkcols])
-                               }
-                       }
-                       toMerge[outIdx] = nil
-
-                       annotationsFilename := fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.%04d.annotations.csv", *outputDir, outIdx)
-                       log.Infof("reading %s", annotationsFilename)
-                       buf, err := os.ReadFile(annotationsFilename)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       if *mergeOutput {
-                               err = os.Remove(annotationsFilename)
-                               if err != nil {
-                                       return err
-                               }
-                       }
-                       for _, line := range bytes.Split(buf, []byte{'\n'}) {
-                               if len(line) == 0 {
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               fields := bytes.SplitN(line, []byte{','}, 9)
-                               tag, _ := strconv.Atoi(string(fields[0]))
-                               incol, _ := strconv.Atoi(string(fields[1]))
-                               tileVariant, _ := strconv.Atoi(string(fields[2]))
-                               hgvsID := string(fields[3])
-                               seqname := string(fields[4])
-                               pos, _ := strconv.Atoi(string(fields[5]))
-                               refseq := fields[6]
-                               if hgvsID == "" {
-                                       // Null entry for un-diffable
-                                       // tile variant
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               if hgvsID == "=" {
-                                       // Null entry for ref tile
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               if mask != nil && !mask.Check(strings.TrimPrefix(seqname, "chr"), pos, pos+len(refseq)) {
-                                       // The tile intersects one of
-                                       // the selected regions, but
-                                       // this particular HGVS
-                                       // variant does not.
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               hgvsColPair := hgvsCols[hgvsID]
-                               if hgvsColPair[0] == nil {
-                                       // values in new columns start
-                                       // out as -1 ("no data yet")
-                                       // or 0 ("=ref") here, may
-                                       // change to 1 ("hgvs variant
-                                       // present") below, either on
-                                       // this line or a future line.
-                                       hgvsColPair = [2][]int16{make([]int16, len(cmd.cgnames)), make([]int16, len(cmd.cgnames))}
-                                       rt, ok := reftile[tagID(tag)]
-                                       if !ok {
-                                               err = fmt.Errorf("bug: seeing annotations for tag %d, but it has no reftile entry", tag)
-                                               return err
-                                       }
-                                       for ph := 0; ph < 2; ph++ {
-                                               for row := 0; row < rows; row++ {
-                                                       v := chunk[row*chunkcols+incol*2+ph]
-                                                       if tileVariantID(v) == rt.variant {
-                                                               hgvsColPair[ph][row] = 0
-                                                       } else {
-                                                               hgvsColPair[ph][row] = -1
-                                                       }
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                                       hgvsCols[hgvsID] = hgvsColPair
-                                       if annow != nil {
-                                               hgvsref := hgvs.Variant{
-                                                       Position: pos,
-                                                       Ref:      string(refseq),
-                                                       New:      string(refseq),
-                                               }
-                                               fmt.Fprintf(annow, "%d,%d,%d,%s:g.%s,%s,%d,%s,%s,%s\n", tag, incol+startcol/2, rt.variant, seqname, hgvsref.String(), seqname, pos, refseq, refseq, fields[8])
-                                       }
-                               }
-                               if annow != nil {
-                                       fmt.Fprintf(annow, "%d,%d,%d,%s,%s,%d,%s,%s,%s\n", tag, incol+startcol/2, tileVariant, hgvsID, seqname, pos, refseq, fields[7], fields[8])
-                               }
-                               for ph := 0; ph < 2; ph++ {
-                                       for row := 0; row < rows; row++ {
-                                               v := chunk[row*chunkcols+incol*2+ph]
-                                               if int(v) == tileVariant {
-                                                       hgvsColPair[ph][row] = 1
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                               }
-                       }
-
-                       startcol += chunkcols
-               }
-               if *mergeOutput {
-                       err = annow.Flush()
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       err = annof.Close()
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       err = writeNumpyInt16(fmt.Sprintf("%s/matrix.npy", *outputDir), out, rows, cols)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-               }
-               out = nil
-
-               if *hgvsSingle {
-                       cols = len(hgvsCols) * 2
-                       log.Printf("building hgvs-based matrix: %d rows x %d cols", rows, cols)
-                       out = make([]int16, rows*cols)
-                       hgvsIDs := make([]string, 0, cols/2)
-                       for hgvsID := range hgvsCols {
-                               hgvsIDs = append(hgvsIDs, hgvsID)
-                       }
-                       sort.Strings(hgvsIDs)
-                       var hgvsLabels bytes.Buffer
-                       for idx, hgvsID := range hgvsIDs {
-                               fmt.Fprintf(&hgvsLabels, "%d,%s\n", idx, hgvsID)
-                               for ph := 0; ph < 2; ph++ {
-                                       hgvscol := hgvsCols[hgvsID][ph]
-                                       for row, val := range hgvscol {
-                                               out[row*cols+idx*2+ph] = val
-                                       }
-                               }
-                       }
-                       err = writeNumpyInt16(fmt.Sprintf("%s/hgvs.npy", *outputDir), out, rows, cols)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-
-                       fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/hgvs.annotations.csv", *outputDir)
-                       log.Printf("writing hgvs labels: %s", fnm)
-                       err = ioutil.WriteFile(fnm, hgvsLabels.Bytes(), 0777)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-       if *onehotSingle || *onlyPCA {
-               nzCount := 0
-               for _, part := range onehotIndirect {
-                       nzCount += len(part[0])
-               }
-               onehot := make([]uint32, nzCount*2) // [r,r,r,...,c,c,c,...]
-               var xrefs []onehotXref
-               chunkOffset := uint32(0)
-               outcol := 0
-               for i, part := range onehotIndirect {
-                       for i := range part[1] {
-                               part[1][i] += chunkOffset
-                       }
-                       copy(onehot[outcol:], part[0])
-                       copy(onehot[outcol+nzCount:], part[1])
-                       xrefs = append(xrefs, onehotXrefs[i]...)
-
-                       outcol += len(part[0])
-                       chunkOffset += onehotChunkSize[i]
-
-                       part[0] = nil
-                       part[1] = nil
-                       onehotXrefs[i] = nil
-                       debug.FreeOSMemory()
-               }
-               if *onehotSingle {
-                       fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot.npy", *outputDir)
-                       err = writeNumpyUint32(fnm, onehot, 2, nzCount)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       fnm = fmt.Sprintf("%s/onehot-columns.npy", *outputDir)
-                       err = writeNumpyInt32(fnm, onehotXref2int32(xrefs), 5, len(xrefs))
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       fnm = fmt.Sprintf("%s/stats.json", *outputDir)
-                       j, err := json.Marshal(map[string]interface{}{
-                               "pvalueCallCount": cmd.pvalueCallCount,
-                       })
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       err = os.WriteFile(fnm, j, 0777)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-               }
-               if *onlyPCA {
-                       cols := 0
-                       for _, c := range onehot[nzCount:] {
-                               if int(c) >= cols {
-                                       cols = int(c) + 1
-                               }
-                       }
-                       if cols == 0 {
-                               return fmt.Errorf("cannot do PCA: one-hot matrix is empty")
-                       }
-                       log.Printf("have %d one-hot cols", cols)
-                       stride := 1
-                       for *maxPCATiles > 0 && cols > *maxPCATiles*2 {
-                               cols = (cols + 1) / 2
-                               stride = stride * 2
-                       }
-                       if cols%2 == 1 {
-                               // we work with pairs of columns
-                               cols++
-                       }
-                       log.Printf("creating full matrix (%d rows) and training matrix (%d rows) with %d cols, stride %d", len(cmd.cgnames), cmd.trainingSetSize, cols, stride)
-                       mtxFull := mat.NewDense(len(cmd.cgnames), cols, nil)
-                       mtxTrain := mat.NewDense(cmd.trainingSetSize, cols, nil)
-                       for i, c := range onehot[nzCount:] {
-                               if int(c/2)%stride == 0 {
-                                       outcol := int(c/2)/stride*2 + int(c)%2
-                                       mtxFull.Set(int(onehot[i]), outcol, 1)
-                                       if trainRow := cmd.trainingSet[int(onehot[i])]; trainRow >= 0 {
-                                               mtxTrain.Set(trainRow, outcol, 1)
-                                       }
-                               }
-                       }
-                       log.Print("fitting")
-                       transformer := nlp.NewPCA(cmd.pcaComponents)
-                       transformer.Fit(mtxTrain.T())
-                       log.Printf("transforming")
-                       pca, err := transformer.Transform(mtxFull.T())
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       pca = pca.T()
-                       outrows, outcols := pca.Dims()
-                       log.Printf("copying result to numpy output array: %d rows, %d cols", outrows, outcols)
-                       out := make([]float64, outrows*outcols)
-                       for i := 0; i < outrows; i++ {
-                               for j := 0; j < outcols; j++ {
-                                       out[i*outcols+j] = pca.At(i, j)
-                               }
-                       }
-                       fnm := fmt.Sprintf("%s/pca.npy", *outputDir)
-                       log.Printf("writing numpy: %s", fnm)
-                       output, err := os.OpenFile(fnm, os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY, 0777)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       npw, err := gonpy.NewWriter(nopCloser{output})
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return fmt.Errorf("gonpy.NewWriter: %w", err)
-                       }
-                       npw.Shape = []int{outrows, outcols}
-                       err = npw.WriteFloat64(out)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return fmt.Errorf("WriteFloat64: %w", err)
-                       }
-                       err = output.Close()
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       log.Print("done")
-
-                       log.Print("copying pca components to sampleInfo")
-                       for i := range cmd.samples {
-                               cmd.samples[i].pcaComponents = make([]float64, outcols)
-                               for c := 0; c < outcols; c++ {
-                                       cmd.samples[i].pcaComponents[i] = pca.At(i, c)
-                               }
-                       }
-                       log.Print("done")
-
-                       err = writeSampleInfo(cmd.samples, *outputDir)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-       if !*mergeOutput && !*onehotChunked && !*onehotSingle && !*onlyPCA {
-               tagoffsetFilename := *outputDir + "/chunk-tag-offset.csv"
-               log.Infof("writing tag offsets to %s", tagoffsetFilename)
-               var f *os.File
-               f, err = os.Create(tagoffsetFilename)
-               if err != nil {
-                       return err
-               }
-               defer f.Close()
-               for idx, offset := range chunkStartTag {
-                       _, err = fmt.Fprintf(f, "%q,%d\n", fmt.Sprintf("matrix.%04d.npy", idx), offset)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               err = fmt.Errorf("write %s: %w", tagoffsetFilename, err)
-                               return err
-                       }
-               }
-               err = f.Close()
-               if err != nil {
-                       err = fmt.Errorf("close %s: %w", tagoffsetFilename, err)
-                       return err
-               }
-       }
-
-       return nil
-}
-
-type sampleInfo struct {
-       id            string
-       isCase        bool
-       isControl     bool
-       isTraining    bool
-       isValidation  bool
-       pcaComponents []float64
-}
-
-// Read samples.csv file with case/control and training/validation
-// flags.
-func loadSampleInfo(samplesFilename string) ([]sampleInfo, error) {
-       var si []sampleInfo
-       f, err := open(samplesFilename)
-       if err != nil {
-               return nil, err
-       }
-       buf, err := io.ReadAll(f)
-       f.Close()
-       if err != nil {
-               return nil, err
-       }
-       lineNum := 0
-       for _, csv := range bytes.Split(buf, []byte{'\n'}) {
-               lineNum++
-               if len(csv) == 0 {
-                       continue
-               }
-               split := strings.Split(string(csv), ",")
-               if len(split) < 4 {
-                       return nil, fmt.Errorf("%d fields < 4 in %s line %d: %q", len(split), samplesFilename, lineNum, csv)
-               }
-               if split[0] == "Index" && split[1] == "SampleID" && split[2] == "CaseControl" && split[3] == "TrainingValidation" {
-                       continue
-               }
-               idx, err := strconv.Atoi(split[0])
-               if err != nil {
-                       if lineNum == 1 {
-                               return nil, fmt.Errorf("header does not look right: %q", csv)
-                       }
-                       return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s line %d: index: %s", samplesFilename, lineNum, err)
-               }
-               if idx != len(si) {
-                       return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s line %d: index %d out of order", samplesFilename, lineNum, idx)
-               }
-               var pcaComponents []float64
-               if len(split) > 4 {
-                       for _, s := range split[4:] {
-                               f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, 64)
-                               if err != nil {
-                                       return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s line %d: cannot parse float %q: %s", samplesFilename, lineNum, s, err)
-                               }
-                               pcaComponents = append(pcaComponents, f)
-                       }
-               }
-               si = append(si, sampleInfo{
-                       id:            split[1],
-                       isCase:        split[2] == "1",
-                       isControl:     split[2] == "0",
-                       isTraining:    split[3] == "1",
-                       isValidation:  split[3] == "0" && len(split[2]) > 0, // fix errant 0s in input
-                       pcaComponents: pcaComponents,
-               })
-       }
-       return si, nil
-}
-
-func writeSampleInfo(samples []sampleInfo, outputDir string) error {
-       fnm := outputDir + "/samples.csv"
-       log.Infof("writing sample metadata to %s", fnm)
-       f, err := os.Create(fnm)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       defer f.Close()
-       pcaLabels := ""
-       if len(samples) > 0 {
-               for i := range samples[0].pcaComponents {
-                       pcaLabels += fmt.Sprintf(",PCA%d", i)
-               }
-       }
-       _, err = fmt.Fprintf(f, "Index,SampleID,CaseControl,TrainingValidation%s\n", pcaLabels)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       for i, si := range samples {
-               var cc, tv string
-               if si.isCase {
-                       cc = "1"
-               } else if si.isControl {
-                       cc = "0"
-               }
-               if si.isTraining {
-                       tv = "1"
-               } else if si.isValidation {
-                       tv = "0"
-               }
-               var pcavals string
-               for _, pcaval := range si.pcaComponents {
-                       pcavals += fmt.Sprintf(",%f", pcaval)
-               }
-               _, err = fmt.Fprintf(f, "%d,%s,%s,%s%s\n", i, si.id, cc, tv, pcavals)
-               if err != nil {
-                       return fmt.Errorf("write %s: %w", fnm, err)
-               }
-       }
-       err = f.Close()
-       if err != nil {
-               return fmt.Errorf("close %s: %w", fnm, err)
-       }
-       log.Print("done")
-       return nil
-}
-
-func (cmd *sliceNumpy) filterHGVScolpair(colpair [2][]int8) bool {
-       if cmd.chi2PValue >= 1 {
-               return true
-       }
-       col0 := make([]bool, 0, len(cmd.chi2Cases))
-       col1 := make([]bool, 0, len(cmd.chi2Cases))
-       cases := make([]bool, 0, len(cmd.chi2Cases))
-       for i, c := range cmd.chi2Cases {
-               if colpair[0][i] < 0 {
-                       continue
-               }
-               col0 = append(col0, colpair[0][i] != 0)
-               col1 = append(col1, colpair[1][i] != 0)
-               cases = append(cases, c)
-       }
-       return len(cases) >= cmd.minCoverage &&
-               (pvalue(col0, cases) <= cmd.chi2PValue || pvalue(col1, cases) <= cmd.chi2PValue)
-}
-
-func writeNumpyUint32(fnm string, out []uint32, rows, cols int) error {
-       output, err := os.Create(fnm)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       defer output.Close()
-       bufw := bufio.NewWriterSize(output, 1<<26)
-       npw, err := gonpy.NewWriter(nopCloser{bufw})
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       log.WithFields(log.Fields{
-               "filename": fnm,
-               "rows":     rows,
-               "cols":     cols,
-               "bytes":    rows * cols * 4,
-       }).Infof("writing numpy: %s", fnm)
-       npw.Shape = []int{rows, cols}
-       npw.WriteUint32(out)
-       err = bufw.Flush()
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       return output.Close()
-}
-
-func writeNumpyInt32(fnm string, out []int32, rows, cols int) error {
-       output, err := os.Create(fnm)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       defer output.Close()
-       bufw := bufio.NewWriterSize(output, 1<<26)
-       npw, err := gonpy.NewWriter(nopCloser{bufw})
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       log.WithFields(log.Fields{
-               "filename": fnm,
-               "rows":     rows,
-               "cols":     cols,
-               "bytes":    rows * cols * 4,
-       }).Infof("writing numpy: %s", fnm)
-       npw.Shape = []int{rows, cols}
-       npw.WriteInt32(out)
-       err = bufw.Flush()
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       return output.Close()
-}
-
-func writeNumpyInt16(fnm string, out []int16, rows, cols int) error {
-       output, err := os.Create(fnm)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       defer output.Close()
-       bufw := bufio.NewWriterSize(output, 1<<26)
-       npw, err := gonpy.NewWriter(nopCloser{bufw})
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       log.WithFields(log.Fields{
-               "filename": fnm,
-               "rows":     rows,
-               "cols":     cols,
-               "bytes":    rows * cols * 2,
-       }).Infof("writing numpy: %s", fnm)
-       npw.Shape = []int{rows, cols}
-       npw.WriteInt16(out)
-       err = bufw.Flush()
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       return output.Close()
-}
-
-func writeNumpyInt8(fnm string, out []int8, rows, cols int) error {
-       output, err := os.Create(fnm)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       defer output.Close()
-       bufw := bufio.NewWriterSize(output, 1<<26)
-       npw, err := gonpy.NewWriter(nopCloser{bufw})
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       log.WithFields(log.Fields{
-               "filename": fnm,
-               "rows":     rows,
-               "cols":     cols,
-               "bytes":    rows * cols,
-       }).Infof("writing numpy: %s", fnm)
-       npw.Shape = []int{rows, cols}
-       npw.WriteInt8(out)
-       err = bufw.Flush()
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       return output.Close()
-}
-
-func allele2homhet(colpair [2][]int8) {
-       a, b := colpair[0], colpair[1]
-       for i, av := range a {
-               bv := b[i]
-               if av < 0 || bv < 0 {
-                       // no-call
-                       a[i], b[i] = -1, -1
-               } else if av > 0 && bv > 0 {
-                       // hom
-                       a[i], b[i] = 1, 0
-               } else if av > 0 || bv > 0 {
-                       // het
-                       a[i], b[i] = 0, 1
-               } else {
-                       // ref (or a different variant in same position)
-                       // (this is a no-op) a[i], b[i] = 0, 0
-               }
-       }
-}
-
-type onehotXref struct {
-       tag     tagID
-       variant tileVariantID
-       hom     bool
-       pvalue  float64
-}
-
-const onehotXrefSize = unsafe.Sizeof(onehotXref{})
-
-// Build onehot matrix (m[tileVariantIndex][genome] == 0 or 1) for all
-// variants of a single tile/tag#.
-//
-// Return nil if no tile variant passes Χ² filter.
-func (cmd *sliceNumpy) tv2homhet(cgs map[string]CompactGenome, maxv tileVariantID, remap []tileVariantID, tag, chunkstarttag tagID, seq map[tagID][]TileVariant) ([][]int8, []onehotXref) {
-       if tag == cmd.debugTag {
-               tv := make([]tileVariantID, len(cmd.cgnames)*2)
-               for i, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-                       copy(tv[i*2:(i+1)*2], cgs[name].Variants[(tag-chunkstarttag)*2:])
-               }
-               log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-                       "cgs[i].Variants[tag*2+j]": tv,
-                       "maxv":                     maxv,
-                       "remap":                    remap,
-                       "tag":                      tag,
-                       "chunkstarttag":            chunkstarttag,
-               }).Info("tv2homhet()")
-       }
-       if maxv < 1 || (maxv < 2 && !cmd.includeVariant1) {
-               // everyone has the most common variant (of the variants we don't drop)
-               return nil, nil
-       }
-       tagoffset := tag - chunkstarttag
-       coverage := 0
-       for _, cg := range cgs {
-               alleles := 0
-               for _, v := range cg.Variants[tagoffset*2 : tagoffset*2+2] {
-                       if v > 0 && int(v) < len(seq[tag]) && len(seq[tag][v].Sequence) > 0 {
-                               alleles++
-                       }
-               }
-               if alleles == 2 {
-                       coverage++
-               }
-       }
-       if coverage < cmd.minCoverage {
-               return nil, nil
-       }
-       // "observed" array for p-value calculation (training set
-       // only)
-       obs := make([][]bool, (maxv+1)*2) // 2 slices (hom + het) for each variant#
-       // one-hot output (all samples)
-       outcols := make([][]int8, (maxv+1)*2)
-       for i := range obs {
-               obs[i] = make([]bool, cmd.trainingSetSize)
-               outcols[i] = make([]int8, len(cmd.cgnames))
-       }
-       for cgid, name := range cmd.cgnames {
-               tsid := cmd.trainingSet[cgid]
-               cgvars := cgs[name].Variants[tagoffset*2:]
-               tv0, tv1 := remap[cgvars[0]], remap[cgvars[1]]
-               for v := tileVariantID(1); v <= maxv; v++ {
-                       if tv0 == v && tv1 == v {
-                               if tsid >= 0 {
-                                       obs[v*2][tsid] = true
-                               }
-                               outcols[v*2][cgid] = 1
-                       } else if tv0 == v || tv1 == v {
-                               if tsid >= 0 {
-                                       obs[v*2+1][tsid] = true
-                               }
-                               outcols[v*2+1][cgid] = 1
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-       var onehot [][]int8
-       var xref []onehotXref
-       for col := 2; col < len(obs); col++ {
-               // col 0,1 correspond to tile variant 0, i.e.,
-               // no-call; col 2,3 correspond to the most common
-               // variant; so we (normally) start at col 4.
-               if col < 4 && !cmd.includeVariant1 {
-                       continue
-               }
-               atomic.AddInt64(&cmd.pvalueCallCount, 1)
-               p := cmd.pvalue(obs[col])
-               if cmd.chi2PValue < 1 && !(p < cmd.chi2PValue) {
-                       continue
-               }
-               onehot = append(onehot, outcols[col])
-               xref = append(xref, onehotXref{
-                       tag:     tag,
-                       variant: tileVariantID(col >> 1),
-                       hom:     col&1 == 0,
-                       pvalue:  p,
-               })
-       }
-       return onehot, xref
-}
-
-// convert a []onehotXref with length N to a numpy-style []int32
-// matrix with N columns, one row per field of onehotXref struct.
-//
-// Hom/het row contains hom=0, het=1.
-//
-// P-value row contains 1000000x actual p-value.
-func onehotXref2int32(xrefs []onehotXref) []int32 {
-       xcols := len(xrefs)
-       xdata := make([]int32, 5*xcols)
-       for i, xref := range xrefs {
-               xdata[i] = int32(xref.tag)
-               xdata[xcols+i] = int32(xref.variant)
-               if xref.hom {
-                       xdata[xcols*2+i] = 1
-               }
-               xdata[xcols*3+i] = int32(xref.pvalue * 1000000)
-               xdata[xcols*4+i] = int32(-math.Log10(xref.pvalue) * 1000000)
-       }
-       return xdata
-}
-
-// transpose onehot data from in[col][row] to numpy-style
-// out[row*cols+col].
-func onehotcols2int8(in [][]int8) []int8 {
-       if len(in) == 0 {
-               return nil
-       }
-       cols := len(in)
-       rows := len(in[0])
-       out := make([]int8, rows*cols)
-       for row := 0; row < rows; row++ {
-               outrow := out[row*cols:]
-               for col, incol := range in {
-                       outrow[col] = incol[row]
-               }
-       }
-       return out
-}
-
-// Return [2][]uint32{rowIndices, colIndices} indicating which
-// elements of matrixT[c][r] have non-zero values.
-func onehotChunk2Indirect(matrixT [][]int8) [2][]uint32 {
-       var nz [2][]uint32
-       for c, col := range matrixT {
-               for r, val := range col {
-                       if val != 0 {
-                               nz[0] = append(nz[0], uint32(r))
-                               nz[1] = append(nz[1], uint32(c))
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-       return nz
-}