Fix some tests.
[lightning.git] / export.go
index 7ad24cb915091272c45cd2256c3c216a9e7578f3..39af631e9a4e0b552f2e507f7c0fe37ffb17bed4 100644 (file)
--- a/export.go
+++ b/export.go
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// Copyright (C) The Lightning Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0
+
 package lightning
 
 import (
@@ -11,35 +15,54 @@ import (
        "net/http"
        _ "net/http/pprof"
        "os"
-       "path"
+       "path/filepath"
+       "runtime"
        "sort"
+       "strconv"
        "strings"
        "sync"
        "time"
 
        "git.arvados.org/arvados.git/sdk/go/arvados"
        "github.com/arvados/lightning/hgvs"
+       "github.com/klauspost/pgzip"
+       "github.com/kshedden/gonpy"
+       "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
        log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
-type outputFormat struct {
-       Print   func(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []hgvs.Variant)
-       PadLeft bool
+type tvVariant struct {
+       hgvs.Variant
+       librefs map[tileLibRef]bool
 }
 
-var (
-       outputFormats = map[string]outputFormat{
-               "hgvs-onehot": outputFormatHGVSOneHot,
-               "hgvs":        outputFormatHGVS,
-               "vcf":         outputFormatVCF,
-       }
-       outputFormatHGVS       = outputFormat{Print: printHGVS}
-       outputFormatHGVSOneHot = outputFormat{Print: printHGVSOneHot}
-       outputFormatVCF        = outputFormat{Print: printVCF, PadLeft: true}
-)
+type outputFormat interface {
+       Filename() string
+       PadLeft() bool
+       Head(out io.Writer, cgs []CompactGenome, cases []bool, p float64) error
+       Print(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []tvVariant) error
+       Finish(outdir string, out io.Writer, seqname string) error
+       MaxGoroutines() int
+}
+
+var outputFormats = map[string]func() outputFormat{
+       "hgvs-numpy": func() outputFormat {
+               return &formatHGVSNumpy{alleles: map[string][][]int8{}}
+       },
+       "hgvs-onehot": func() outputFormat { return formatHGVSOneHot{} },
+       "hgvs":        func() outputFormat { return formatHGVS{} },
+       "pvcf":        func() outputFormat { return formatPVCF{} },
+       "vcf":         func() outputFormat { return formatVCF{} },
+}
 
 type exporter struct {
-       outputFormat outputFormat
+       outputFormat   outputFormat
+       outputPerChrom bool
+       compress       bool
+       maxTileSize    int
+       filter         filter
+       maxPValue      float64
+       cases          []bool
 }
 
 func (cmd *exporter) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, stdout, stderr io.Writer) int {
@@ -57,24 +80,33 @@ func (cmd *exporter) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, std
        projectUUID := flags.String("project", "", "project `UUID` for output data")
        priority := flags.Int("priority", 500, "container request priority")
        refname := flags.String("ref", "", "reference genome `name`")
-       inputFilename := flags.String("i", "-", "input `file` (library)")
-       outputFilename := flags.String("o", "-", "output `file`")
-       outputFormatStr := flags.String("output-format", "hgvs", "output `format`: hgvs or vcf")
+       inputDir := flags.String("input-dir", ".", "input `directory`")
+       cases := flags.String("cases", "", "file indicating which genomes are positive cases (for computing p-values)")
+       flags.Float64Var(&cmd.maxPValue, "p-value", 1, "do chi square test and omit columns with p-value above this threshold")
+       outputDir := flags.String("output-dir", ".", "output `directory`")
+       outputFormatStr := flags.String("output-format", "hgvs", "output `format`: hgvs, pvcf, or vcf")
        outputBed := flags.String("output-bed", "", "also output bed `file`")
+       flags.BoolVar(&cmd.outputPerChrom, "output-per-chromosome", true, "output one file per chromosome")
+       flags.BoolVar(&cmd.compress, "z", false, "write gzip-compressed output files")
        labelsFilename := flags.String("output-labels", "", "also output genome labels csv `file`")
+       flags.IntVar(&cmd.maxTileSize, "max-tile-size", 50000, "don't try to make annotations for tiles bigger than given `size`")
+       cmd.filter.Flags(flags)
        err = flags.Parse(args)
        if err == flag.ErrHelp {
                err = nil
                return 0
        } else if err != nil {
                return 2
+       } else if flags.NArg() > 0 {
+               err = fmt.Errorf("errant command line arguments after parsed flags: %v", flags.Args())
+               return 2
        }
 
        if f, ok := outputFormats[*outputFormatStr]; !ok {
                err = fmt.Errorf("invalid output format %q", *outputFormatStr)
                return 2
        } else {
-               cmd.outputFormat = f
+               cmd.outputFormat = f()
        }
 
        if *pprof != "" {
@@ -87,19 +119,20 @@ func (cmd *exporter) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, std
        }
 
        if !*runlocal {
-               if *outputFilename != "-" {
-                       err = errors.New("cannot specify output file in container mode: not implemented")
+               if *outputDir != "." {
+                       err = errors.New("cannot specify output directory in container mode: not implemented")
                        return 1
                }
                runner := arvadosContainerRunner{
                        Name:        "lightning export",
                        Client:      arvados.NewClientFromEnv(),
                        ProjectUUID: *projectUUID,
-                       RAM:         1600000000000,
-                       VCPUs:       64,
+                       RAM:         750000000000,
+                       VCPUs:       96,
                        Priority:    *priority,
+                       APIAccess:   true,
                }
-               err = runner.TranslatePaths(inputFilename)
+               err = runner.TranslatePaths(inputDir, cases)
                if err != nil {
                        return 1
                }
@@ -114,48 +147,34 @@ func (cmd *exporter) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, std
                        "-pprof", ":6000",
                        "-pprof-dir", "/mnt/output",
                        "-ref", *refname,
+                       "-cases", *cases,
+                       "-p-value", fmt.Sprintf("%f", cmd.maxPValue),
                        "-output-format", *outputFormatStr,
                        "-output-bed", *outputBed,
                        "-output-labels", "/mnt/output/labels.csv",
-                       "-i", *inputFilename,
-                       "-o", "/mnt/output/export.csv",
+                       "-output-per-chromosome=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", cmd.outputPerChrom),
+                       "-max-tile-size", fmt.Sprintf("%d", cmd.maxTileSize),
+                       "-input-dir", *inputDir,
+                       "-output-dir", "/mnt/output",
+                       "-z=" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", cmd.compress),
                }
+               runner.Args = append(runner.Args, cmd.filter.Args()...)
                var output string
                output, err = runner.Run()
                if err != nil {
                        return 1
                }
-               fmt.Fprintln(stdout, output+"/export.csv")
+               fmt.Fprintln(stdout, output)
                return 0
        }
 
-       in, err := open(*inputFilename)
-       if err != nil {
-               return 1
-       }
-       defer in.Close()
-       input, ok := in.(io.ReadSeeker)
-       if !ok {
-               err = fmt.Errorf("%s: %T cannot seek", *inputFilename, in)
-               return 1
-       }
-
-       // Error out early if seeking doesn't work on the input file.
-       _, err = input.Seek(0, io.SeekEnd)
-       if err != nil {
-               return 1
-       }
-       _, err = input.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
-       if err != nil {
-               return 1
-       }
-
        var cgs []CompactGenome
        tilelib := &tileLibrary{
-               retainNoCalls:  true,
-               compactGenomes: map[string][]tileVariantID{},
+               retainNoCalls:       true,
+               retainTileSequences: true,
+               compactGenomes:      map[string][]tileVariantID{},
        }
-       err = tilelib.LoadGob(context.Background(), input, strings.HasSuffix(*inputFilename, ".gz"), nil)
+       err = tilelib.LoadDir(context.Background(), *inputDir)
        if err != nil {
                return 1
        }
@@ -171,6 +190,9 @@ func (cmd *exporter) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, std
                return 1
        }
 
+       log.Infof("filtering: %+v", cmd.filter)
+       cmd.filter.Apply(tilelib)
+
        names := cgnames(tilelib)
        for _, name := range names {
                cgs = append(cgs, CompactGenome{Name: name, Variants: tilelib.compactGenomes[name]})
@@ -183,9 +205,8 @@ func (cmd *exporter) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, std
                        return 1
                }
                defer f.Close()
-               _, outBasename := path.Split(*outputFilename)
                for i, name := range names {
-                       _, err = fmt.Fprintf(f, "%d,%q,%q\n", i, trimFilenameForLabel(name), outBasename)
+                       _, err = fmt.Fprintf(f, "%d,%q,%q\n", i, trimFilenameForLabel(name), cmd.outputFormat.Filename())
                        if err != nil {
                                err = fmt.Errorf("write %s: %w", *labelsFilename, err)
                                return 1
@@ -198,43 +219,58 @@ func (cmd *exporter) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, std
                }
        }
 
-       _, err = input.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
-       if err != nil {
-               return 1
-       }
-
-       var output io.WriteCloser
-       if *outputFilename == "-" {
-               output = nopCloser{stdout}
-       } else {
-               output, err = os.OpenFile(*outputFilename, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0666)
+       cmd.cases = make([]bool, len(names))
+       if *cases != "" {
+               log.Infof("reading cases file: %s", *cases)
+               var f io.ReadCloser
+               f, err = open(*cases)
+               if err != nil {
+                       return 1
+               }
+               defer f.Close()
+               var buf []byte
+               buf, err = io.ReadAll(f)
                if err != nil {
                        return 1
                }
-               defer output.Close()
+               for _, pattern := range bytes.Split(buf, []byte("\n")) {
+                       if len(pattern) == 0 {
+                               continue
+                       }
+                       pattern := string(pattern)
+                       idx := -1
+                       for i, name := range names {
+                               if !strings.Contains(name, pattern) {
+                                       continue
+                               } else if idx >= 0 {
+                                       err = fmt.Errorf("pattern %q in cases file matches multiple genome IDs: %q, %q", pattern, names[idx], name)
+                                       return 1
+                               } else {
+                                       idx = i
+                               }
+                       }
+                       if idx < 0 {
+                               log.Warnf("pattern %q in cases file does not match any genome IDs", pattern)
+                               continue
+                       }
+                       cmd.cases[idx] = true
+               }
        }
-       bufw := bufio.NewWriter(output)
 
-       var bedout *os.File
+       var bedout io.Writer
+       var bedfile *os.File
        var bedbufw *bufio.Writer
        if *outputBed != "" {
-               bedout, err = os.OpenFile(*outputBed, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0666)
+               bedfile, err = os.OpenFile(*outputBed, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0666)
                if err != nil {
                        return 1
                }
-               defer bedout.Close()
-               bedbufw = bufio.NewWriter(bedout)
+               defer bedfile.Close()
+               bedbufw = bufio.NewWriterSize(bedfile, 16*1024*1024)
+               bedout = bedbufw
        }
 
-       err = cmd.export(bufw, bedout, input, strings.HasSuffix(*inputFilename, ".gz"), tilelib, refseq, cgs)
-       if err != nil {
-               return 1
-       }
-       err = bufw.Flush()
-       if err != nil {
-               return 1
-       }
-       err = output.Close()
+       err = cmd.export(*outputDir, bedout, tilelib, refseq, cgs)
        if err != nil {
                return 1
        }
@@ -243,63 +279,27 @@ func (cmd *exporter) RunCommand(prog string, args []string, stdin io.Reader, std
                if err != nil {
                        return 1
                }
-               err = bedout.Close()
+               err = bedfile.Close()
                if err != nil {
                        return 1
                }
        }
-       err = in.Close()
-       if err != nil {
-               return 1
-       }
        return 0
 }
 
-func (cmd *exporter) export(out, bedout io.Writer, librdr io.Reader, gz bool, tilelib *tileLibrary, refseq map[string][]tileLibRef, cgs []CompactGenome) error {
-       need := map[tileLibRef]bool{}
+func (cmd *exporter) export(outdir string, bedout io.Writer, tilelib *tileLibrary, refseq map[string][]tileLibRef, cgs []CompactGenome) error {
        var seqnames []string
+       var missing []tileLibRef
        for seqname, librefs := range refseq {
                seqnames = append(seqnames, seqname)
                for _, libref := range librefs {
-                       if libref.Variant != 0 {
-                               need[libref] = true
+                       if libref.Variant != 0 && tilelib.TileVariantSequence(libref) == nil {
+                               missing = append(missing, libref)
                        }
                }
        }
        sort.Strings(seqnames)
 
-       for _, cg := range cgs {
-               for i, variant := range cg.Variants {
-                       if variant == 0 {
-                               continue
-                       }
-                       libref := tileLibRef{Tag: tagID(i / 2), Variant: variant}
-                       need[libref] = true
-               }
-       }
-
-       log.Infof("export: loading %d tile variants", len(need))
-       tileVariant := map[tileLibRef]TileVariant{}
-       err := DecodeLibrary(librdr, gz, func(ent *LibraryEntry) error {
-               for _, tv := range ent.TileVariants {
-                       libref := tilelib.getRef(tv.Tag, tv.Sequence)
-                       if need[libref] {
-                               tileVariant[libref] = tv
-                       }
-               }
-               return nil
-       })
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-
-       log.Infof("export: loaded %d tile variants", len(tileVariant))
-       var missing []tileLibRef
-       for libref := range need {
-               if _, ok := tileVariant[libref]; !ok {
-                       missing = append(missing, libref)
-               }
-       }
        if len(missing) > 0 {
                if limit := 100; len(missing) > limit {
                        log.Warnf("first %d missing tiles: %v", limit, missing[:limit])
@@ -334,12 +334,57 @@ func (cmd *exporter) export(out, bedout io.Writer, librdr io.Reader, gz bool, ti
                        }()
                }
        }
-       merge(out, outw, "output")
+       if cmd.outputPerChrom {
+               for i, seqname := range seqnames {
+                       fnm := filepath.Join(outdir, strings.Replace(cmd.outputFormat.Filename(), ".", "."+seqname+".", 1))
+                       if cmd.compress {
+                               fnm += ".gz"
+                       }
+                       f, err := os.OpenFile(fnm, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0666)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+                       defer f.Close()
+                       log.Infof("writing %q", f.Name())
+                       outw[i] = f
+                       if cmd.compress {
+                               z := pgzip.NewWriter(f)
+                               defer z.Close()
+                               outw[i] = z
+                       }
+                       err = cmd.outputFormat.Head(outw[i], cgs, cmd.cases, cmd.maxPValue)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+               }
+       } else {
+               fnm := filepath.Join(outdir, cmd.outputFormat.Filename())
+               if cmd.compress {
+                       fnm += ".gz"
+               }
+               f, err := os.OpenFile(fnm, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0666)
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
+               }
+               defer f.Close()
+               log.Infof("writing %q", fnm)
+               var out io.Writer = f
+               if cmd.compress {
+                       z := pgzip.NewWriter(out)
+                       defer z.Close()
+                       out = z
+               }
+               cmd.outputFormat.Head(out, cgs, cmd.cases, cmd.maxPValue)
+               merge(out, outw, "output")
+       }
        if bedout != nil {
                merge(bedout, bedw, "bed")
        }
 
-       throttle := throttle{Max: 8}
+       throttle := throttle{Max: runtime.NumCPU()}
+       if max := cmd.outputFormat.MaxGoroutines(); max > 0 {
+               throttle.Max = max
+       }
        log.Infof("assembling %d sequences in %d goroutines", len(seqnames), throttle.Max)
        for seqidx, seqname := range seqnames {
                seqidx, seqname := seqidx, seqname
@@ -351,79 +396,122 @@ func (cmd *exporter) export(out, bedout io.Writer, librdr io.Reader, gz bool, ti
                        if bedw != nil {
                                defer bedw.Close()
                        }
-                       defer outw.Close()
-                       outwb := bufio.NewWriter(outw)
-                       defer outwb.Flush()
-                       cmd.exportSeq(outwb, bedw, tilelib.taglib.keylen, seqname, refseq[seqname], tileVariant, cgs)
+                       outwb := bufio.NewWriterSize(outw, 8*1024*1024)
+                       eachVariant(bedw, tilelib.taglib.keylen, seqname, refseq[seqname], tilelib, cgs, cmd.outputFormat.PadLeft(), cmd.maxTileSize, func(varslice []tvVariant) {
+                               err := cmd.outputFormat.Print(outwb, seqname, varslice)
+                               throttle.Report(err)
+                       })
+                       err := cmd.outputFormat.Finish(outdir, outwb, seqname)
+                       throttle.Report(err)
+                       err = outwb.Flush()
+                       throttle.Report(err)
+                       err = outw.Close()
+                       throttle.Report(err)
                }()
        }
 
        merges.Wait()
-       return nil
+       throttle.Wait()
+       return throttle.Err()
 }
 
-// Align genome tiles to reference tiles, write diffs to outw, and (if
-// bedw is not nil) write tile coverage to bedw.
-func (cmd *exporter) exportSeq(outw, bedw io.Writer, taglen int, seqname string, reftiles []tileLibRef, tileVariant map[tileLibRef]TileVariant, cgs []CompactGenome) {
+// Align genome tiles to reference tiles, call callback func on each
+// variant, and (if bedw is not nil) write tile coverage to bedw.
+func eachVariant(bedw io.Writer, taglen int, seqname string, reftiles []tileLibRef, tilelib *tileLibrary, cgs []CompactGenome, padLeft bool, maxTileSize int, callback func(varslice []tvVariant)) {
+       t0 := time.Now()
+       progressbar := time.NewTicker(time.Minute)
+       defer progressbar.Stop()
+       var outmtx sync.Mutex
+       defer outmtx.Lock()
        refpos := 0
-       variantAt := map[int][]hgvs.Variant{} // variantAt[chromOffset][genomeIndex*2+phase]
+       variantAt := map[int][]tvVariant{} // variantAt[chromOffset][genomeIndex*2+phase]
        for refstep, libref := range reftiles {
-               reftile := tileVariant[libref]
+               select {
+               case <-progressbar.C:
+                       var eta interface{}
+                       if refstep > 0 {
+                               fin := t0.Add(time.Duration(float64(time.Now().Sub(t0)) * float64(len(reftiles)) / float64(refstep)))
+                               eta = fmt.Sprintf("%v (%v)", fin.Format(time.RFC3339), fin.Sub(time.Now()))
+                       } else {
+                               eta = "N/A"
+                       }
+                       log.Printf("exportSeq: %s: refstep %d of %d, %.0f/s, ETA %v", seqname, refstep, len(reftiles), float64(refstep)/time.Now().Sub(t0).Seconds(), eta)
+               default:
+               }
+               diffs := map[tileLibRef][]hgvs.Variant{}
+               refseq := tilelib.TileVariantSequence(libref)
                tagcoverage := 0 // number of times the start tag was found in genomes -- max is len(cgs)*2
                for cgidx, cg := range cgs {
                        for phase := 0; phase < 2; phase++ {
-                               if len(cg.Variants) <= int(libref.Tag)*2+phase {
-                                       continue
-                               }
-                               variant := cg.Variants[int(libref.Tag)*2+phase]
-                               if variant == 0 {
-                                       continue
+                               var variant tileVariantID
+                               if i := int(libref.Tag)*2 + phase; len(cg.Variants) > i {
+                                       variant = cg.Variants[i]
                                }
-                               tagcoverage++
-                               if variant == libref.Variant {
-                                       continue
+                               if variant > 0 {
+                                       tagcoverage++
                                }
-                               genometile := tileVariant[tileLibRef{Tag: libref.Tag, Variant: variant}]
-                               if len(genometile.Sequence) == 0 {
-                                       // Hash is known but sequence
-                                       // is not, e.g., retainNoCalls
-                                       // was false during import
+                               if variant == libref.Variant || variant == 0 {
                                        continue
                                }
-                               refSequence := reftile.Sequence
-                               // If needed, extend the reference
-                               // sequence up to the tag at the end
-                               // of the genometile sequence.
-                               refstepend := refstep + 1
-                               for refstepend < len(reftiles) && len(refSequence) >= taglen && !bytes.EqualFold(refSequence[len(refSequence)-taglen:], genometile.Sequence[len(genometile.Sequence)-taglen:]) {
-                                       if &refSequence[0] == &reftile.Sequence[0] {
-                                               refSequence = append([]byte(nil), refSequence...)
+                               glibref := tileLibRef{Tag: libref.Tag, Variant: variant}
+                               vars, ok := diffs[glibref]
+                               if !ok {
+                                       genomeseq := tilelib.TileVariantSequence(glibref)
+                                       if len(genomeseq) == 0 {
+                                               // Hash is known but sequence
+                                               // is not, e.g., retainNoCalls
+                                               // was false during import
+                                               continue
+                                       }
+                                       if len(genomeseq) > maxTileSize {
+                                               continue
+                                       }
+                                       refSequence := refseq
+                                       // If needed, extend the
+                                       // reference sequence up to
+                                       // the tag at the end of the
+                                       // genomeseq sequence.
+                                       refstepend := refstep + 1
+                                       for refstepend < len(reftiles) && len(refSequence) >= taglen && !bytes.EqualFold(refSequence[len(refSequence)-taglen:], genomeseq[len(genomeseq)-taglen:]) && len(refSequence) <= maxTileSize {
+                                               if &refSequence[0] == &refseq[0] {
+                                                       refSequence = append([]byte(nil), refSequence...)
+                                               }
+                                               refSequence = append(refSequence, tilelib.TileVariantSequence(reftiles[refstepend])...)
+                                               refstepend++
                                        }
-                                       refSequence = append(refSequence, tileVariant[reftiles[refstepend]].Sequence...)
-                                       refstepend++
+                                       // (TODO: handle no-calls)
+                                       if len(refSequence) <= maxTileSize {
+                                               refstr := strings.ToUpper(string(refSequence))
+                                               genomestr := strings.ToUpper(string(genomeseq))
+                                               vars, _ = hgvs.Diff(refstr, genomestr, time.Second)
+                                       }
+                                       diffs[glibref] = vars
                                }
-                               // (TODO: handle no-calls)
-                               vars, _ := hgvs.Diff(strings.ToUpper(string(refSequence)), strings.ToUpper(string(genometile.Sequence)), time.Second)
                                for _, v := range vars {
-                                       if cmd.outputFormat.PadLeft {
+                                       if padLeft {
                                                v = v.PadLeft()
                                        }
                                        v.Position += refpos
                                        varslice := variantAt[v.Position]
                                        if varslice == nil {
-                                               varslice = make([]hgvs.Variant, len(cgs)*2)
+                                               varslice = make([]tvVariant, len(cgs)*2)
                                                variantAt[v.Position] = varslice
                                        }
-                                       varslice[cgidx*2+phase] = v
+                                       varslice[cgidx*2+phase].Variant = v
+                                       if varslice[cgidx*2+phase].librefs == nil {
+                                               varslice[cgidx*2+phase].librefs = map[tileLibRef]bool{glibref: true}
+                                       } else {
+                                               varslice[cgidx*2+phase].librefs[glibref] = true
+                                       }
                                }
                        }
                }
-               refpos += len(reftile.Sequence) - taglen
+               refpos += len(refseq) - taglen
 
                // Flush entries from variantAt that are behind
                // refpos. Flush all entries if this is the last
                // reftile of the path/chromosome.
-               var flushpos []int
+               flushpos := make([]int, 0, len(variantAt))
                lastrefstep := refstep == len(reftiles)-1
                for pos := range variantAt {
                        if lastrefstep || pos <= refpos {
@@ -431,18 +519,46 @@ func (cmd *exporter) exportSeq(outw, bedw io.Writer, taglen int, seqname string,
                        }
                }
                sort.Slice(flushpos, func(i, j int) bool { return flushpos[i] < flushpos[j] })
-               for _, pos := range flushpos {
+               flushvariants := make([][]tvVariant, len(flushpos))
+               for i, pos := range flushpos {
                        varslice := variantAt[pos]
                        delete(variantAt, pos)
+                       // Check for uninitialized (zero-value)
+                       // elements in varslice
                        for i := range varslice {
-                               if varslice[i].Position == 0 {
-                                       varslice[i].Position = pos
+                               if varslice[i].Position != 0 {
+                                       // Not a zero-value element
+                                       continue
+                               }
+                               // Set the position so
+                               // varslice[*].Position are all equal
+                               varslice[i].Position = pos
+                               // This could be either =ref or a
+                               // missing/low-quality tile. Figure
+                               // out which.
+                               vidx := int(libref.Tag)*2 + i%2
+                               if vidx >= len(cgs[i/2].Variants) {
+                                       // Missing tile.
+                                       varslice[i].New = "-"
+                                       continue
+                               }
+                               v := cgs[i/2].Variants[vidx]
+                               if v < 1 || len(tilelib.TileVariantSequence(tileLibRef{Tag: libref.Tag, Variant: v})) == 0 {
+                                       // Missing/low-quality tile.
+                                       varslice[i].New = "-" // fasta "gap of indeterminate length"
                                }
                        }
-                       cmd.outputFormat.Print(outw, seqname, varslice)
+                       flushvariants[i] = varslice
                }
-               if bedw != nil && len(reftile.Sequence) > 0 {
-                       tilestart := refpos - len(reftile.Sequence) + taglen
+               outmtx.Lock()
+               go func() {
+                       defer outmtx.Unlock()
+                       for _, varslice := range flushvariants {
+                               callback(varslice)
+                       }
+               }()
+               if bedw != nil && len(refseq) > 0 {
+                       tilestart := refpos - len(refseq) + taglen
                        tileend := refpos
                        if !lastrefstep {
                                tileend += taglen
@@ -468,21 +584,79 @@ func (cmd *exporter) exportSeq(outw, bedw io.Writer, taglen int, seqname string,
        }
 }
 
-func printVCF(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []hgvs.Variant) {
-       refs := map[string]map[string]int{}
+func bucketVarsliceByRef(varslice []tvVariant) map[string]map[string]int {
+       byref := map[string]map[string]int{}
        for _, v := range varslice {
                if v.Ref == "" && v.New == "" {
+                       // =ref
                        continue
                }
-               alts := refs[v.Ref]
+               if v.New == "-" {
+                       // no-call
+                       continue
+               }
+               alts := byref[v.Ref]
                if alts == nil {
                        alts = map[string]int{}
-                       refs[v.Ref] = alts
+                       byref[v.Ref] = alts
                }
-               alts[v.New] = 0
+               alts[v.New]++
        }
-       for ref, alts := range refs {
-               var altslice []string
+       return byref
+}
+
+type formatVCF struct{}
+
+func (formatVCF) MaxGoroutines() int                     { return 0 }
+func (formatVCF) Filename() string                       { return "out.vcf" }
+func (formatVCF) PadLeft() bool                          { return true }
+func (formatVCF) Finish(string, io.Writer, string) error { return nil }
+func (formatVCF) Head(out io.Writer, cgs []CompactGenome, cases []bool, p float64) error {
+       _, err := fmt.Fprint(out, "#CHROM\tPOS\tID\tREF\tALT\tQUAL\tFILTER\tINFO\n")
+       return err
+}
+func (formatVCF) Print(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []tvVariant) error {
+       for ref, alts := range bucketVarsliceByRef(varslice) {
+               altslice := make([]string, 0, len(alts))
+               for alt := range alts {
+                       altslice = append(altslice, alt)
+               }
+               sort.Strings(altslice)
+
+               info := "AC="
+               for i, a := range altslice {
+                       if i > 0 {
+                               info += ","
+                       }
+                       info += strconv.Itoa(alts[a])
+               }
+               _, err := fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s\t%d\t.\t%s\t%s\t.\t.\t%s\n", seqname, varslice[0].Position, ref, strings.Join(altslice, ","), info)
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
+               }
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+type formatPVCF struct{}
+
+func (formatPVCF) MaxGoroutines() int                     { return 0 }
+func (formatPVCF) Filename() string                       { return "out.vcf" }
+func (formatPVCF) PadLeft() bool                          { return true }
+func (formatPVCF) Finish(string, io.Writer, string) error { return nil }
+func (formatPVCF) Head(out io.Writer, cgs []CompactGenome, cases []bool, p float64) error {
+       fmt.Fprintln(out, `##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Genotype">`)
+       fmt.Fprintf(out, "#CHROM\tPOS\tID\tREF\tALT\tQUAL\tFILTER\tINFO\tFORMAT")
+       for _, cg := range cgs {
+               fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t%s", cg.Name)
+       }
+       _, err := fmt.Fprintf(out, "\n")
+       return err
+}
+
+func (formatPVCF) Print(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []tvVariant) error {
+       for ref, alts := range bucketVarsliceByRef(varslice) {
+               altslice := make([]string, 0, len(alts))
                for alt := range alts {
                        altslice = append(altslice, alt)
                }
@@ -490,46 +664,92 @@ func printVCF(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []hgvs.Variant) {
                for i, a := range altslice {
                        alts[a] = i + 1
                }
-               fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s\t%d\t%s\t%s", seqname, varslice[0].Position, ref, strings.Join(altslice, ","))
+               _, err := fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s\t%d\t.\t%s\t%s\t.\t.\t.\tGT", seqname, varslice[0].Position, ref, strings.Join(altslice, ","))
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
+               }
                for i := 0; i < len(varslice); i += 2 {
                        v1, v2 := varslice[i], varslice[i+1]
                        a1, a2 := alts[v1.New], alts[v2.New]
                        if v1.Ref != ref {
+                               // variant on allele 0 belongs on a
+                               // different output line -- same
+                               // chr,pos but different "ref" length
                                a1 = 0
                        }
                        if v2.Ref != ref {
                                a2 = 0
                        }
-                       fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t%d/%d", a1, a2)
+                       _, err := fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t%d/%d", a1, a2)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+               }
+               _, err = out.Write([]byte{'\n'})
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
                }
-               out.Write([]byte{'\n'})
        }
+       return nil
 }
 
-func printHGVS(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []hgvs.Variant) {
+type formatHGVS struct{}
+
+func (formatHGVS) MaxGoroutines() int                                                     { return 0 }
+func (formatHGVS) Filename() string                                                       { return "out.tsv" }
+func (formatHGVS) PadLeft() bool                                                          { return false }
+func (formatHGVS) Head(out io.Writer, cgs []CompactGenome, cases []bool, p float64) error { return nil }
+func (formatHGVS) Finish(string, io.Writer, string) error                                 { return nil }
+func (formatHGVS) Print(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []tvVariant) error {
        for i := 0; i < len(varslice)/2; i++ {
                if i > 0 {
                        out.Write([]byte{'\t'})
                }
                var1, var2 := varslice[i*2], varslice[i*2+1]
-               if var1 == var2 {
+               if var1.New == "-" || var2.New == "-" {
+                       _, err := out.Write([]byte{'N'})
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
+                       continue
+               }
+               if var1.Variant == var2.Variant {
                        if var1.Ref == var1.New {
-                               out.Write([]byte{'.'})
+                               _, err := out.Write([]byte{'.'})
+                               if err != nil {
+                                       return err
+                               }
                        } else {
-                               fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s:g.%s", seqname, var1.String())
+                               _, err := fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s:g.%s", seqname, var1.String())
+                               if err != nil {
+                                       return err
+                               }
                        }
                } else {
-                       fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s:g.[%s];[%s]", seqname, var1.String(), var2.String())
+                       _, err := fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s:g.[%s];[%s]", seqname, var1.String(), var2.String())
+                       if err != nil {
+                               return err
+                       }
                }
        }
-       out.Write([]byte{'\n'})
+       _, err := out.Write([]byte{'\n'})
+       return err
 }
 
-func printHGVSOneHot(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []hgvs.Variant) {
+type formatHGVSOneHot struct{}
+
+func (formatHGVSOneHot) MaxGoroutines() int { return 0 }
+func (formatHGVSOneHot) Filename() string   { return "out.tsv" }
+func (formatHGVSOneHot) PadLeft() bool      { return false }
+func (formatHGVSOneHot) Head(out io.Writer, cgs []CompactGenome, cases []bool, p float64) error {
+       return nil
+}
+func (formatHGVSOneHot) Finish(string, io.Writer, string) error { return nil }
+func (formatHGVSOneHot) Print(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []tvVariant) error {
        vars := map[hgvs.Variant]bool{}
        for _, v := range varslice {
                if v.Ref != v.New {
-                       vars[v] = true
+                       vars[v.Variant] = true
                }
        }
 
@@ -541,14 +761,150 @@ func printHGVSOneHot(out io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []hgvs.Variant) {
        sort.Slice(sorted, func(a, b int) bool { return hgvs.Less(sorted[a], sorted[b]) })
 
        for _, v := range sorted {
+               if v.New == "-" {
+                       continue
+               }
                fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s.%s", seqname, v.String())
                for i := 0; i < len(varslice); i += 2 {
-                       if varslice[i] == v || varslice[i+1] == v {
+                       if varslice[i].Variant == v || varslice[i+1].Variant == v {
                                out.Write([]byte("\t1"))
                        } else {
                                out.Write([]byte("\t0"))
                        }
                }
-               out.Write([]byte{'\n'})
+               _, err := out.Write([]byte{'\n'})
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
+               }
        }
+       return nil
+}
+
+type formatHGVSNumpy struct {
+       sync.Mutex
+       writelock sync.Mutex
+       alleles   map[string][][]int8 // alleles[seqname][variantidx][genomeidx*2+phase]
+       cases     []bool
+       maxPValue float64
+}
+
+func (*formatHGVSNumpy) MaxGoroutines() int { return 4 }
+func (*formatHGVSNumpy) Filename() string   { return "annotations.csv" }
+func (*formatHGVSNumpy) PadLeft() bool      { return false }
+func (f *formatHGVSNumpy) Head(out io.Writer, cgs []CompactGenome, cases []bool, p float64) error {
+       f.cases = cases
+       f.maxPValue = p
+       return nil
+}
+func (f *formatHGVSNumpy) Print(outw io.Writer, seqname string, varslice []tvVariant) error {
+       // sort variants to ensure output is deterministic
+       sorted := make([]hgvs.Variant, 0, len(varslice))
+       for _, v := range varslice {
+               sorted = append(sorted, v.Variant)
+       }
+       sort.Slice(sorted, func(a, b int) bool { return hgvs.Less(sorted[a], sorted[b]) })
+
+       f.Lock()
+       seqalleles := f.alleles[seqname]
+       f.Unlock()
+
+       chi2x := make([]bool, 0, len(varslice))
+       chi2y := make([]bool, 0, len(varslice))
+
+       // append a row to seqalleles for each unique non-ref variant
+       // in varslice.
+       var previous hgvs.Variant
+       for _, v := range sorted {
+               if previous == v || v.Ref == v.New || v.New == "-" {
+                       continue
+               }
+               previous = v
+               chi2x, chi2y := chi2x, chi2y
+               newrow := make([]int8, len(varslice))
+               for i, allele := range varslice {
+                       if allele.Variant == v {
+                               newrow[i] = 1
+                               chi2x = append(chi2x, true)
+                               chi2y = append(chi2y, f.cases[i/2])
+                       } else if allele.Variant.New == "-" {
+                               newrow[i] = -1
+                       } else {
+                               chi2x = append(chi2x, false)
+                               chi2y = append(chi2y, f.cases[i/2])
+                       }
+               }
+               if f.maxPValue < 1 && pvalue(chi2x, chi2y) > f.maxPValue {
+                       continue
+               }
+               seqalleles = append(seqalleles, newrow)
+               _, err := fmt.Fprintf(outw, "%d,%q\n", len(seqalleles)-1, seqname+"."+v.String())
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
+               }
+       }
+
+       f.Lock()
+       f.alleles[seqname] = seqalleles
+       f.Unlock()
+       return nil
+}
+func (f *formatHGVSNumpy) Finish(outdir string, _ io.Writer, seqname string) error {
+       // Write seqname's data to a .npy matrix with one row per
+       // genome and 2 columns per variant.
+       f.Lock()
+       seqalleles := f.alleles[seqname]
+       delete(f.alleles, seqname)
+       f.Unlock()
+       if len(seqalleles) == 0 {
+               return nil
+       }
+       out := make([]int8, len(seqalleles)*len(seqalleles[0]))
+       rows := len(seqalleles[0]) / 2
+       cols := len(seqalleles) * 2
+       // copy seqalleles[varidx][genome*2+phase] to
+       // out[genome*nvars*2 + varidx*2 + phase]
+       for varidx, alleles := range seqalleles {
+               for g := 0; g < len(alleles)/2; g++ {
+                       aa, ab := alleles[g*2], alleles[g*2+1]
+                       if aa < 0 || ab < 0 {
+                               // no-call
+                               out[g*cols+varidx*2] = -1
+                               out[g*cols+varidx*2+1] = -1
+                       } else if aa > 0 && ab > 0 {
+                               // hom
+                               out[g*cols+varidx*2] = 1
+                       } else if aa > 0 || ab > 0 {
+                               // het
+                               out[g*cols+varidx*2+1] = 1
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       outf, err := os.OpenFile(outdir+"/matrix."+seqname+".npy", os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL|os.O_WRONLY, 0777)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       defer outf.Close()
+       bufw := bufio.NewWriter(outf)
+       npw, err := gonpy.NewWriter(nopCloser{bufw})
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+               "seqname": seqname,
+               "rows":    rows,
+               "cols":    cols,
+       }).Info("writing numpy")
+       npw.Shape = []int{rows, cols}
+       f.writelock.Lock() // serialize because WriteInt8 uses lots of memory
+       npw.WriteInt8(out)
+       f.writelock.Unlock()
+       err = bufw.Flush()
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       err = outf.Close()
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       return nil
 }