10467: Merge branch 'master' into 10467-client-disconnect
[arvados.git] / services / keepstore / s3_volume.go
index 1df8f7828e15950b63985fcbea57855ab647b7f4..17923f807dc8a8f11bc77ce8dc0732001a4a8ba8 100644 (file)
@@ -1,23 +1,36 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+       "bytes"
+       "context"
        "encoding/base64"
        "encoding/hex"
        "flag"
        "fmt"
        "io"
+       "io/ioutil"
        "log"
        "net/http"
        "os"
        "regexp"
+       "strings"
+       "sync"
        "time"
 
+       "git.curoverse.com/arvados.git/sdk/go/arvados"
        "github.com/AdRoll/goamz/aws"
        "github.com/AdRoll/goamz/s3"
 )
 
+const (
+       s3DefaultReadTimeout    = arvados.Duration(10 * time.Minute)
+       s3DefaultConnectTimeout = arvados.Duration(time.Minute)
+)
+
 var (
-       ErrS3DeleteNotAvailable = fmt.Errorf("delete without -s3-unsafe-delete is not implemented")
+       // ErrS3TrashDisabled is returned by Trash if that operation
+       // is impossible with the current config.
+       ErrS3TrashDisabled = fmt.Errorf("trash function is disabled because -trash-lifetime=0 and -s3-unsafe-delete=false")
 
        s3AccessKeyFile string
        s3SecretKeyFile string
@@ -25,6 +38,7 @@ var (
        s3Endpoint      string
        s3Replication   int
        s3UnsafeDelete  bool
+       s3RaceWindow    time.Duration
 
        s3ACL = s3.Private
 )
@@ -35,64 +49,50 @@ const (
 )
 
 type s3VolumeAdder struct {
-       *volumeSet
+       *Config
+}
+
+// String implements flag.Value
+func (s *s3VolumeAdder) String() string {
+       return "-"
 }
 
 func (s *s3VolumeAdder) Set(bucketName string) error {
-       if trashLifetime != 0 {
-               return ErrNotImplemented
-       }
        if bucketName == "" {
                return fmt.Errorf("no container name given")
        }
        if s3AccessKeyFile == "" || s3SecretKeyFile == "" {
                return fmt.Errorf("-s3-access-key-file and -s3-secret-key-file arguments must given before -s3-bucket-volume")
        }
-       region, ok := aws.Regions[s3RegionName]
-       if s3Endpoint == "" {
-               if !ok {
-                       return fmt.Errorf("unrecognized region %+q; try specifying -s3-endpoint instead", s3RegionName)
-               }
-       } else {
-               if ok {
-                       return fmt.Errorf("refusing to use AWS region name %+q with endpoint %+q; "+
-                               "specify empty endpoint (\"-s3-endpoint=\") or use a different region name", s3RegionName, s3Endpoint)
-               }
-               region = aws.Region{
-                       Name:       s3RegionName,
-                       S3Endpoint: s3Endpoint,
-               }
-       }
-       var err error
-       var auth aws.Auth
-       auth.AccessKey, err = readKeyFromFile(s3AccessKeyFile)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       auth.SecretKey, err = readKeyFromFile(s3SecretKeyFile)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       if flagSerializeIO {
+       if deprecated.flagSerializeIO {
                log.Print("Notice: -serialize is not supported by s3-bucket volumes.")
        }
-       v := NewS3Volume(auth, region, bucketName, flagReadonly, s3Replication)
-       if err := v.Check(); err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-       *s.volumeSet = append(*s.volumeSet, v)
+       s.Config.Volumes = append(s.Config.Volumes, &S3Volume{
+               Bucket:        bucketName,
+               AccessKeyFile: s3AccessKeyFile,
+               SecretKeyFile: s3SecretKeyFile,
+               Endpoint:      s3Endpoint,
+               Region:        s3RegionName,
+               RaceWindow:    arvados.Duration(s3RaceWindow),
+               S3Replication: s3Replication,
+               UnsafeDelete:  s3UnsafeDelete,
+               ReadOnly:      deprecated.flagReadonly,
+               IndexPageSize: 1000,
+       })
        return nil
 }
 
 func s3regions() (okList []string) {
-       for r, _ := range aws.Regions {
+       for r := range aws.Regions {
                okList = append(okList, r)
        }
        return
 }
 
 func init() {
-       flag.Var(&s3VolumeAdder{&volumes},
+       VolumeTypes = append(VolumeTypes, func() VolumeWithExamples { return &S3Volume{} })
+
+       flag.Var(&s3VolumeAdder{theConfig},
                "s3-bucket-volume",
                "Use the given bucket as a storage volume. Can be given multiple times.")
        flag.StringVar(
@@ -109,12 +109,17 @@ func init() {
                &s3AccessKeyFile,
                "s3-access-key-file",
                "",
-               "File containing the access key used for subsequent -s3-bucket-volume arguments.")
+               "`File` containing the access key used for subsequent -s3-bucket-volume arguments.")
        flag.StringVar(
                &s3SecretKeyFile,
                "s3-secret-key-file",
                "",
-               "File containing the secret key used for subsequent -s3-bucket-volume arguments.")
+               "`File` containing the secret key used for subsequent -s3-bucket-volume arguments.")
+       flag.DurationVar(
+               &s3RaceWindow,
+               "s3-race-window",
+               24*time.Hour,
+               "Maximum eventual consistency latency for subsequent -s3-bucket-volume arguments.")
        flag.IntVar(
                &s3Replication,
                "s3-replication",
@@ -127,159 +132,477 @@ func init() {
                "EXPERIMENTAL. Enable deletion (garbage collection), even though there are known race conditions that can cause data loss.")
 }
 
+// S3Volume implements Volume using an S3 bucket.
 type S3Volume struct {
-       *s3.Bucket
-       readonly      bool
-       replication   int
-       indexPageSize int
-}
-
-// NewS3Volume returns a new S3Volume using the given auth, region,
-// and bucket name. The replication argument specifies the replication
-// level to report when writing data.
-func NewS3Volume(auth aws.Auth, region aws.Region, bucket string, readonly bool, replication int) *S3Volume {
-       return &S3Volume{
-               Bucket: &s3.Bucket{
-                       S3:   s3.New(auth, region),
-                       Name: bucket,
+       AccessKeyFile      string
+       SecretKeyFile      string
+       Endpoint           string
+       Region             string
+       Bucket             string
+       LocationConstraint bool
+       IndexPageSize      int
+       S3Replication      int
+       ConnectTimeout     arvados.Duration
+       ReadTimeout        arvados.Duration
+       RaceWindow         arvados.Duration
+       ReadOnly           bool
+       UnsafeDelete       bool
+
+       bucket *s3.Bucket
+
+       startOnce sync.Once
+}
+
+// Examples implements VolumeWithExamples.
+func (*S3Volume) Examples() []Volume {
+       return []Volume{
+               &S3Volume{
+                       AccessKeyFile:  "/etc/aws_s3_access_key.txt",
+                       SecretKeyFile:  "/etc/aws_s3_secret_key.txt",
+                       Endpoint:       "",
+                       Region:         "us-east-1",
+                       Bucket:         "example-bucket-name",
+                       IndexPageSize:  1000,
+                       S3Replication:  2,
+                       RaceWindow:     arvados.Duration(24 * time.Hour),
+                       ConnectTimeout: arvados.Duration(time.Minute),
+                       ReadTimeout:    arvados.Duration(5 * time.Minute),
+               },
+               &S3Volume{
+                       AccessKeyFile:  "/etc/gce_s3_access_key.txt",
+                       SecretKeyFile:  "/etc/gce_s3_secret_key.txt",
+                       Endpoint:       "https://storage.googleapis.com",
+                       Region:         "",
+                       Bucket:         "example-bucket-name",
+                       IndexPageSize:  1000,
+                       S3Replication:  2,
+                       RaceWindow:     arvados.Duration(24 * time.Hour),
+                       ConnectTimeout: arvados.Duration(time.Minute),
+                       ReadTimeout:    arvados.Duration(5 * time.Minute),
                },
-               readonly:      readonly,
-               replication:   replication,
-               indexPageSize: 1000,
        }
 }
 
-func (v *S3Volume) Check() error {
+// Type implements Volume.
+func (*S3Volume) Type() string {
+       return "S3"
+}
+
+// Start populates private fields and verifies the configuration is
+// valid.
+func (v *S3Volume) Start() error {
+       region, ok := aws.Regions[v.Region]
+       if v.Endpoint == "" {
+               if !ok {
+                       return fmt.Errorf("unrecognized region %+q; try specifying -s3-endpoint instead", v.Region)
+               }
+       } else if ok {
+               return fmt.Errorf("refusing to use AWS region name %+q with endpoint %+q; "+
+                       "specify empty endpoint (\"-s3-endpoint=\") or use a different region name", v.Region, v.Endpoint)
+       } else {
+               region = aws.Region{
+                       Name:                 v.Region,
+                       S3Endpoint:           v.Endpoint,
+                       S3LocationConstraint: v.LocationConstraint,
+               }
+       }
+
+       var err error
+       var auth aws.Auth
+       auth.AccessKey, err = readKeyFromFile(v.AccessKeyFile)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       auth.SecretKey, err = readKeyFromFile(v.SecretKeyFile)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+
+       // Zero timeouts mean "wait forever", which is a bad
+       // default. Default to long timeouts instead.
+       if v.ConnectTimeout == 0 {
+               v.ConnectTimeout = s3DefaultConnectTimeout
+       }
+       if v.ReadTimeout == 0 {
+               v.ReadTimeout = s3DefaultReadTimeout
+       }
+
+       client := s3.New(auth, region)
+       client.ConnectTimeout = time.Duration(v.ConnectTimeout)
+       client.ReadTimeout = time.Duration(v.ReadTimeout)
+       v.bucket = &s3.Bucket{
+               S3:   client,
+               Name: v.Bucket,
+       }
        return nil
 }
 
-func (v *S3Volume) Get(loc string) ([]byte, error) {
-       rdr, err := v.Bucket.GetReader(loc)
+func (v *S3Volume) getReaderWithContext(ctx context.Context, loc string) (rdr io.ReadCloser, err error) {
+       ready := make(chan bool)
+       go func() {
+               rdr, err = v.getReader(loc)
+               close(ready)
+       }()
+       select {
+       case <-ready:
+               return
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               theConfig.debugLogf("s3: abandoning getReader(): %s", ctx.Err())
+               go func() {
+                       <-ready
+                       if err == nil {
+                               rdr.Close()
+                       }
+               }()
+               return nil, ctx.Err()
+       }
+}
+
+// getReader wraps (Bucket)GetReader.
+//
+// In situations where (Bucket)GetReader would fail because the block
+// disappeared in a Trash race, getReader calls fixRace to recover the
+// data, and tries again.
+func (v *S3Volume) getReader(loc string) (rdr io.ReadCloser, err error) {
+       rdr, err = v.bucket.GetReader(loc)
+       err = v.translateError(err)
+       if err == nil || !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+               return
+       }
+       _, err = v.bucket.Head("recent/"+loc, nil)
+       err = v.translateError(err)
        if err != nil {
-               return nil, v.translateError(err)
+               // If we can't read recent/X, there's no point in
+               // trying fixRace. Give up.
+               return
        }
-       defer rdr.Close()
-       buf := bufs.Get(BlockSize)
-       n, err := io.ReadFull(rdr, buf)
-       switch err {
-       case nil, io.EOF, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF:
-               return buf[:n], nil
-       default:
-               bufs.Put(buf)
-               return nil, v.translateError(err)
+       if !v.fixRace(loc) {
+               err = os.ErrNotExist
+               return
        }
+       rdr, err = v.bucket.GetReader(loc)
+       if err != nil {
+               log.Printf("warning: reading %s after successful fixRace: %s", loc, err)
+               err = v.translateError(err)
+       }
+       return
 }
 
-func (v *S3Volume) Compare(loc string, expect []byte) error {
-       rdr, err := v.Bucket.GetReader(loc)
+// Get a block: copy the block data into buf, and return the number of
+// bytes copied.
+func (v *S3Volume) Get(ctx context.Context, loc string, buf []byte) (int, error) {
+       rdr, err := v.getReaderWithContext(ctx, loc)
        if err != nil {
-               return v.translateError(err)
+               return 0, err
+       }
+
+       var n int
+       ready := make(chan bool)
+       go func() {
+               defer close(ready)
+
+               defer rdr.Close()
+               n, err = io.ReadFull(rdr, buf)
+
+               switch err {
+               case nil, io.EOF, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF:
+                       err = nil
+               default:
+                       err = v.translateError(err)
+               }
+       }()
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               theConfig.debugLogf("s3: interrupting ReadFull() with Close() because %s", ctx.Err())
+               rdr.Close()
+               // Must wait for ReadFull to return, to ensure it
+               // doesn't write to buf after we return.
+               theConfig.debugLogf("s3: waiting for ReadFull() to fail")
+               <-ready
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-ready:
+               return n, err
+       }
+}
+
+// Compare the given data with the stored data.
+func (v *S3Volume) Compare(ctx context.Context, loc string, expect []byte) error {
+       rdr, err := v.getReaderWithContext(ctx, loc)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
        }
        defer rdr.Close()
-       return v.translateError(compareReaderWithBuf(rdr, expect, loc[:32]))
+       return v.translateError(compareReaderWithBuf(ctx, rdr, expect, loc[:32]))
 }
 
-func (v *S3Volume) Put(loc string, block []byte) error {
-       if v.readonly {
+// Put writes a block.
+func (v *S3Volume) Put(ctx context.Context, loc string, block []byte) error {
+       if v.ReadOnly {
                return MethodDisabledError
        }
        var opts s3.Options
-       if len(block) > 0 {
+       size := len(block)
+       if size > 0 {
                md5, err := hex.DecodeString(loc)
                if err != nil {
                        return err
                }
                opts.ContentMD5 = base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(md5)
        }
-       return v.translateError(
-               v.Bucket.Put(
-                       loc, block, "application/octet-stream", s3ACL, opts))
+
+       // Send the block data through a pipe, so that (if we need to)
+       // we can close the pipe early and abandon our PutReader()
+       // goroutine, without worrying about PutReader() accessing our
+       // block buffer after we release it.
+       bufr, bufw := io.Pipe()
+       go func() {
+               io.Copy(bufw, bytes.NewReader(block))
+               bufw.Close()
+       }()
+
+       var err error
+       ready := make(chan bool)
+       go func() {
+               defer func() {
+                       if ctx.Err() != nil {
+                               theConfig.debugLogf("%s: abandoned PutReader goroutine finished with err: %s", v, err)
+                       }
+               }()
+               defer close(ready)
+               err = v.bucket.PutReader(loc, bufr, int64(size), "application/octet-stream", s3ACL, opts)
+               if err != nil {
+                       return
+               }
+               err = v.bucket.Put("recent/"+loc, nil, "application/octet-stream", s3ACL, s3.Options{})
+       }()
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               theConfig.debugLogf("%s: taking PutReader's input away: %s", v, ctx.Err())
+               // Our pipe might be stuck in Write(), waiting for
+               // io.Copy() to read. If so, un-stick it. This means
+               // PutReader will get corrupt data, but that's OK: the
+               // size and MD5 won't match, so the write will fail.
+               go io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, bufr)
+               // CloseWithError() will return once pending I/O is done.
+               bufw.CloseWithError(ctx.Err())
+               theConfig.debugLogf("%s: abandoning PutReader goroutine", v)
+               return ctx.Err()
+       case <-ready:
+               return v.translateError(err)
+       }
 }
 
+// Touch sets the timestamp for the given locator to the current time.
 func (v *S3Volume) Touch(loc string) error {
-       if v.readonly {
+       if v.ReadOnly {
                return MethodDisabledError
        }
-       result, err := v.Bucket.PutCopy(loc, s3ACL, s3.CopyOptions{
-               ContentType:       "application/octet-stream",
-               MetadataDirective: "REPLACE",
-       }, v.Bucket.Name+"/"+loc)
-       if err != nil {
-               return v.translateError(err)
-       }
-       t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, result.LastModified)
-       if err != nil {
+       _, err := v.bucket.Head(loc, nil)
+       err = v.translateError(err)
+       if os.IsNotExist(err) && v.fixRace(loc) {
+               // The data object got trashed in a race, but fixRace
+               // rescued it.
+       } else if err != nil {
                return err
        }
-       if time.Since(t) > maxClockSkew {
-               return fmt.Errorf("PutCopy returned old LastModified %s => %s (%s ago)", result.LastModified, t, time.Since(t))
-       }
-       return nil
+       err = v.bucket.Put("recent/"+loc, nil, "application/octet-stream", s3ACL, s3.Options{})
+       return v.translateError(err)
 }
 
+// Mtime returns the stored timestamp for the given locator.
 func (v *S3Volume) Mtime(loc string) (time.Time, error) {
-       resp, err := v.Bucket.Head(loc, nil)
+       _, err := v.bucket.Head(loc, nil)
        if err != nil {
                return zeroTime, v.translateError(err)
        }
-       hdr := resp.Header.Get("Last-Modified")
-       t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC1123, hdr)
-       if err != nil && hdr != "" {
-               // AWS example is "Sun, 1 Jan 2006 12:00:00 GMT",
-               // which isn't quite "Sun, 01 Jan 2006 12:00:00 GMT"
-               // as required by HTTP spec. If it's not a valid HTTP
-               // header value, it's probably AWS (or s3test) giving
-               // us a nearly-RFC1123 timestamp.
-               t, err = time.Parse(nearlyRFC1123, hdr)
+       resp, err := v.bucket.Head("recent/"+loc, nil)
+       err = v.translateError(err)
+       if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+               // The data object X exists, but recent/X is missing.
+               err = v.bucket.Put("recent/"+loc, nil, "application/octet-stream", s3ACL, s3.Options{})
+               if err != nil {
+                       log.Printf("error: creating %q: %s", "recent/"+loc, err)
+                       return zeroTime, v.translateError(err)
+               }
+               log.Printf("info: created %q to migrate existing block to new storage scheme", "recent/"+loc)
+               resp, err = v.bucket.Head("recent/"+loc, nil)
+               if err != nil {
+                       log.Printf("error: created %q but HEAD failed: %s", "recent/"+loc, err)
+                       return zeroTime, v.translateError(err)
+               }
+       } else if err != nil {
+               // HEAD recent/X failed for some other reason.
+               return zeroTime, err
        }
-       return t, err
+       return v.lastModified(resp)
 }
 
+// IndexTo writes a complete list of locators with the given prefix
+// for which Get() can retrieve data.
 func (v *S3Volume) IndexTo(prefix string, writer io.Writer) error {
-       nextMarker := ""
-       for {
-               listResp, err := v.Bucket.List(prefix, "", nextMarker, v.indexPageSize)
-               if err != nil {
-                       return err
+       // Use a merge sort to find matching sets of X and recent/X.
+       dataL := s3Lister{
+               Bucket:   v.bucket,
+               Prefix:   prefix,
+               PageSize: v.IndexPageSize,
+       }
+       recentL := s3Lister{
+               Bucket:   v.bucket,
+               Prefix:   "recent/" + prefix,
+               PageSize: v.IndexPageSize,
+       }
+       for data, recent := dataL.First(), recentL.First(); data != nil; data = dataL.Next() {
+               if data.Key >= "g" {
+                       // Conveniently, "recent/*" and "trash/*" are
+                       // lexically greater than all hex-encoded data
+                       // hashes, so stopping here avoids iterating
+                       // over all of them needlessly with dataL.
+                       break
                }
-               for _, key := range listResp.Contents {
-                       t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, key.LastModified)
-                       if err != nil {
-                               return err
-                       }
-                       if !v.isKeepBlock(key.Key) {
+               if !v.isKeepBlock(data.Key) {
+                       continue
+               }
+
+               // stamp is the list entry we should use to report the
+               // last-modified time for this data block: it will be
+               // the recent/X entry if one exists, otherwise the
+               // entry for the data block itself.
+               stamp := data
+
+               // Advance to the corresponding recent/X marker, if any
+               for recent != nil {
+                       if cmp := strings.Compare(recent.Key[7:], data.Key); cmp < 0 {
+                               recent = recentL.Next()
                                continue
+                       } else if cmp == 0 {
+                               stamp = recent
+                               recent = recentL.Next()
+                               break
+                       } else {
+                               // recent/X marker is missing: we'll
+                               // use the timestamp on the data
+                               // object.
+                               break
                        }
-                       fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s+%d %d\n", key.Key, key.Size, t.Unix())
                }
-               if !listResp.IsTruncated {
-                       break
+               t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, stamp.LastModified)
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
                }
-               nextMarker = listResp.NextMarker
+               fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s+%d %d\n", data.Key, data.Size, t.UnixNano())
        }
        return nil
 }
 
+// Trash a Keep block.
 func (v *S3Volume) Trash(loc string) error {
-       if v.readonly {
+       if v.ReadOnly {
                return MethodDisabledError
        }
        if t, err := v.Mtime(loc); err != nil {
                return err
-       } else if time.Since(t) < blobSignatureTTL {
+       } else if time.Since(t) < theConfig.BlobSignatureTTL.Duration() {
                return nil
        }
-       if !s3UnsafeDelete {
-               return ErrS3DeleteNotAvailable
+       if theConfig.TrashLifetime == 0 {
+               if !s3UnsafeDelete {
+                       return ErrS3TrashDisabled
+               }
+               return v.bucket.Del(loc)
+       }
+       err := v.checkRaceWindow(loc)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       err = v.safeCopy("trash/"+loc, loc)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
        }
-       return v.Bucket.Del(loc)
+       return v.translateError(v.bucket.Del(loc))
 }
 
-// TBD
+// checkRaceWindow returns a non-nil error if trash/loc is, or might
+// be, in the race window (i.e., it's not safe to trash loc).
+func (v *S3Volume) checkRaceWindow(loc string) error {
+       resp, err := v.bucket.Head("trash/"+loc, nil)
+       err = v.translateError(err)
+       if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+               // OK, trash/X doesn't exist so we're not in the race
+               // window
+               return nil
+       } else if err != nil {
+               // Error looking up trash/X. We don't know whether
+               // we're in the race window
+               return err
+       }
+       t, err := v.lastModified(resp)
+       if err != nil {
+               // Can't parse timestamp
+               return err
+       }
+       safeWindow := t.Add(theConfig.TrashLifetime.Duration()).Sub(time.Now().Add(time.Duration(v.RaceWindow)))
+       if safeWindow <= 0 {
+               // We can't count on "touch trash/X" to prolong
+               // trash/X's lifetime. The new timestamp might not
+               // become visible until now+raceWindow, and EmptyTrash
+               // is allowed to delete trash/X before then.
+               return fmt.Errorf("same block is already in trash, and safe window ended %s ago", -safeWindow)
+       }
+       // trash/X exists, but it won't be eligible for deletion until
+       // after now+raceWindow, so it's safe to overwrite it.
+       return nil
+}
+
+// safeCopy calls PutCopy, and checks the response to make sure the
+// copy succeeded and updated the timestamp on the destination object
+// (PutCopy returns 200 OK if the request was received, even if the
+// copy failed).
+func (v *S3Volume) safeCopy(dst, src string) error {
+       resp, err := v.bucket.PutCopy(dst, s3ACL, s3.CopyOptions{
+               ContentType:       "application/octet-stream",
+               MetadataDirective: "REPLACE",
+       }, v.bucket.Name+"/"+src)
+       err = v.translateError(err)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, resp.LastModified); err != nil {
+               return fmt.Errorf("PutCopy succeeded but did not return a timestamp: %q: %s", resp.LastModified, err)
+       } else if time.Now().Sub(t) > maxClockSkew {
+               return fmt.Errorf("PutCopy succeeded but returned an old timestamp: %q: %s", resp.LastModified, t)
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+// Get the LastModified header from resp, and parse it as RFC1123 or
+// -- if it isn't valid RFC1123 -- as Amazon's variant of RFC1123.
+func (v *S3Volume) lastModified(resp *http.Response) (t time.Time, err error) {
+       s := resp.Header.Get("Last-Modified")
+       t, err = time.Parse(time.RFC1123, s)
+       if err != nil && s != "" {
+               // AWS example is "Sun, 1 Jan 2006 12:00:00 GMT",
+               // which isn't quite "Sun, 01 Jan 2006 12:00:00 GMT"
+               // as required by HTTP spec. If it's not a valid HTTP
+               // header value, it's probably AWS (or s3test) giving
+               // us a nearly-RFC1123 timestamp.
+               t, err = time.Parse(nearlyRFC1123, s)
+       }
+       return
+}
+
+// Untrash moves block from trash back into store
 func (v *S3Volume) Untrash(loc string) error {
-       return ErrNotImplemented
+       err := v.safeCopy(loc, "trash/"+loc)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       err = v.bucket.Put("recent/"+loc, nil, "application/octet-stream", s3ACL, s3.Options{})
+       return v.translateError(err)
 }
 
+// Status returns a *VolumeStatus representing the current in-use
+// storage capacity and a fake available capacity that doesn't make
+// the volume seem full or nearly-full.
 func (v *S3Volume) Status() *VolumeStatus {
        return &VolumeStatus{
                DeviceNum: 1,
@@ -288,15 +611,21 @@ func (v *S3Volume) Status() *VolumeStatus {
        }
 }
 
+// String implements fmt.Stringer.
 func (v *S3Volume) String() string {
-       return fmt.Sprintf("s3-bucket:%+q", v.Bucket.Name)
+       return fmt.Sprintf("s3-bucket:%+q", v.bucket.Name)
 }
 
+// Writable returns false if all future Put, Mtime, and Delete calls
+// are expected to fail.
 func (v *S3Volume) Writable() bool {
-       return !v.readonly
+       return !v.ReadOnly
 }
+
+// Replication returns the storage redundancy of the underlying
+// device. Configured via command line flag.
 func (v *S3Volume) Replication() int {
-       return v.replication
+       return v.S3Replication
 }
 
 var s3KeepBlockRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`^[0-9a-f]{32}$`)
@@ -305,10 +634,57 @@ func (v *S3Volume) isKeepBlock(s string) bool {
        return s3KeepBlockRegexp.MatchString(s)
 }
 
+// fixRace(X) is called when "recent/X" exists but "X" doesn't
+// exist. If the timestamps on "recent/"+loc and "trash/"+loc indicate
+// there was a race between Put and Trash, fixRace recovers from the
+// race by Untrashing the block.
+func (v *S3Volume) fixRace(loc string) bool {
+       trash, err := v.bucket.Head("trash/"+loc, nil)
+       if err != nil {
+               if !os.IsNotExist(v.translateError(err)) {
+                       log.Printf("error: fixRace: HEAD %q: %s", "trash/"+loc, err)
+               }
+               return false
+       }
+       trashTime, err := v.lastModified(trash)
+       if err != nil {
+               log.Printf("error: fixRace: parse %q: %s", trash.Header.Get("Last-Modified"), err)
+               return false
+       }
+
+       recent, err := v.bucket.Head("recent/"+loc, nil)
+       if err != nil {
+               log.Printf("error: fixRace: HEAD %q: %s", "recent/"+loc, err)
+               return false
+       }
+       recentTime, err := v.lastModified(recent)
+       if err != nil {
+               log.Printf("error: fixRace: parse %q: %s", recent.Header.Get("Last-Modified"), err)
+               return false
+       }
+
+       ageWhenTrashed := trashTime.Sub(recentTime)
+       if ageWhenTrashed >= theConfig.BlobSignatureTTL.Duration() {
+               // No evidence of a race: block hasn't been written
+               // since it became eligible for Trash. No fix needed.
+               return false
+       }
+
+       log.Printf("notice: fixRace: %q: trashed at %s but touched at %s (age when trashed = %s < %s)", loc, trashTime, recentTime, ageWhenTrashed, theConfig.BlobSignatureTTL)
+       log.Printf("notice: fixRace: copying %q to %q to recover from race between Put/Touch and Trash", "recent/"+loc, loc)
+       err = v.safeCopy(loc, "trash/"+loc)
+       if err != nil {
+               log.Printf("error: fixRace: %s", err)
+               return false
+       }
+       return true
+}
+
 func (v *S3Volume) translateError(err error) error {
        switch err := err.(type) {
        case *s3.Error:
-               if err.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound && err.Code == "NoSuchKey" {
+               if (err.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound && err.Code == "NoSuchKey") ||
+                       strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Not Found") {
                        return os.ErrNotExist
                }
                // Other 404 errors like NoSuchVersion and
@@ -318,3 +694,155 @@ func (v *S3Volume) translateError(err error) error {
        }
        return err
 }
+
+// EmptyTrash looks for trashed blocks that exceeded TrashLifetime
+// and deletes them from the volume.
+func (v *S3Volume) EmptyTrash() {
+       var bytesInTrash, blocksInTrash, bytesDeleted, blocksDeleted int64
+
+       // Use a merge sort to find matching sets of trash/X and recent/X.
+       trashL := s3Lister{
+               Bucket:   v.bucket,
+               Prefix:   "trash/",
+               PageSize: v.IndexPageSize,
+       }
+       // Define "ready to delete" as "...when EmptyTrash started".
+       startT := time.Now()
+       for trash := trashL.First(); trash != nil; trash = trashL.Next() {
+               loc := trash.Key[6:]
+               if !v.isKeepBlock(loc) {
+                       continue
+               }
+               bytesInTrash += trash.Size
+               blocksInTrash++
+
+               trashT, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, trash.LastModified)
+               if err != nil {
+                       log.Printf("warning: %s: EmptyTrash: %q: parse %q: %s", v, trash.Key, trash.LastModified, err)
+                       continue
+               }
+               recent, err := v.bucket.Head("recent/"+loc, nil)
+               if err != nil && os.IsNotExist(v.translateError(err)) {
+                       log.Printf("warning: %s: EmptyTrash: found trash marker %q but no %q (%s); calling Untrash", v, trash.Key, "recent/"+loc, err)
+                       err = v.Untrash(loc)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               log.Printf("error: %s: EmptyTrash: Untrash(%q): %s", v, loc, err)
+                       }
+                       continue
+               } else if err != nil {
+                       log.Printf("warning: %s: EmptyTrash: HEAD %q: %s", v, "recent/"+loc, err)
+                       continue
+               }
+               recentT, err := v.lastModified(recent)
+               if err != nil {
+                       log.Printf("warning: %s: EmptyTrash: %q: parse %q: %s", v, "recent/"+loc, recent.Header.Get("Last-Modified"), err)
+                       continue
+               }
+               if trashT.Sub(recentT) < theConfig.BlobSignatureTTL.Duration() {
+                       if age := startT.Sub(recentT); age >= theConfig.BlobSignatureTTL.Duration()-time.Duration(v.RaceWindow) {
+                               // recent/loc is too old to protect
+                               // loc from being Trashed again during
+                               // the raceWindow that starts if we
+                               // delete trash/X now.
+                               //
+                               // Note this means (TrashCheckInterval
+                               // < BlobSignatureTTL - raceWindow) is
+                               // necessary to avoid starvation.
+                               log.Printf("notice: %s: EmptyTrash: detected old race for %q, calling fixRace + Touch", v, loc)
+                               v.fixRace(loc)
+                               v.Touch(loc)
+                               continue
+                       } else if _, err := v.bucket.Head(loc, nil); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+                               log.Printf("notice: %s: EmptyTrash: detected recent race for %q, calling fixRace", v, loc)
+                               v.fixRace(loc)
+                               continue
+                       } else if err != nil {
+                               log.Printf("warning: %s: EmptyTrash: HEAD %q: %s", v, loc, err)
+                               continue
+                       }
+               }
+               if startT.Sub(trashT) < theConfig.TrashLifetime.Duration() {
+                       continue
+               }
+               err = v.bucket.Del(trash.Key)
+               if err != nil {
+                       log.Printf("warning: %s: EmptyTrash: deleting %q: %s", v, trash.Key, err)
+                       continue
+               }
+               bytesDeleted += trash.Size
+               blocksDeleted++
+
+               _, err = v.bucket.Head(loc, nil)
+               if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+                       err = v.bucket.Del("recent/" + loc)
+                       if err != nil {
+                               log.Printf("warning: %s: EmptyTrash: deleting %q: %s", v, "recent/"+loc, err)
+                       }
+               } else if err != nil {
+                       log.Printf("warning: %s: EmptyTrash: HEAD %q: %s", v, "recent/"+loc, err)
+               }
+       }
+       if err := trashL.Error(); err != nil {
+               log.Printf("error: %s: EmptyTrash: lister: %s", v, err)
+       }
+       log.Printf("EmptyTrash stats for %v: Deleted %v bytes in %v blocks. Remaining in trash: %v bytes in %v blocks.", v.String(), bytesDeleted, blocksDeleted, bytesInTrash-bytesDeleted, blocksInTrash-blocksDeleted)
+}
+
+type s3Lister struct {
+       Bucket     *s3.Bucket
+       Prefix     string
+       PageSize   int
+       nextMarker string
+       buf        []s3.Key
+       err        error
+}
+
+// First fetches the first page and returns the first item. It returns
+// nil if the response is the empty set or an error occurs.
+func (lister *s3Lister) First() *s3.Key {
+       lister.getPage()
+       return lister.pop()
+}
+
+// Next returns the next item, fetching the next page if necessary. It
+// returns nil if the last available item has already been fetched, or
+// an error occurs.
+func (lister *s3Lister) Next() *s3.Key {
+       if len(lister.buf) == 0 && lister.nextMarker != "" {
+               lister.getPage()
+       }
+       return lister.pop()
+}
+
+// Return the most recent error encountered by First or Next.
+func (lister *s3Lister) Error() error {
+       return lister.err
+}
+
+func (lister *s3Lister) getPage() {
+       resp, err := lister.Bucket.List(lister.Prefix, "", lister.nextMarker, lister.PageSize)
+       lister.nextMarker = ""
+       if err != nil {
+               lister.err = err
+               return
+       }
+       if resp.IsTruncated {
+               lister.nextMarker = resp.NextMarker
+       }
+       lister.buf = make([]s3.Key, 0, len(resp.Contents))
+       for _, key := range resp.Contents {
+               if !strings.HasPrefix(key.Key, lister.Prefix) {
+                       log.Printf("warning: s3Lister: S3 Bucket.List(prefix=%q) returned key %q", lister.Prefix, key.Key)
+                       continue
+               }
+               lister.buf = append(lister.buf, key)
+       }
+}
+
+func (lister *s3Lister) pop() (k *s3.Key) {
+       if len(lister.buf) > 0 {
+               k = &lister.buf[0]
+               lister.buf = lister.buf[1:]
+       }
+       return
+}