4823: Add flush() to ArvadosFile. Fix tests to avoid using internal APIs. Fix
[arvados.git] / sdk / python / arvados / collection.py
index 1a1925c159fa56017a137ec56b14ec1e6d91312c..b0cdd92251096fe671be48a07a38400dcca14c60 100644 (file)
@@ -3,16 +3,19 @@ import logging
 import os
 import re
 import errno
+import hashlib
 import time
+import threading
 
 from collections import deque
 from stat import *
 
-from .arvfile import ArvadosFileBase, split, ArvadosFile, ArvadosFileWriter, ArvadosFileReader, BlockManager, synchronized, must_be_writable, SYNC_READONLY, SYNC_EXPLICIT, SYNC_LIVE, NoopLock
-from keep import *
-from .stream import StreamReader, normalize_stream, locator_block_size
-from .ranges import Range, LocatorAndRange
-from .safeapi import SafeApi
+from .arvfile import split, _FileLikeObjectBase, ArvadosFile, ArvadosFileWriter, ArvadosFileReader, _BlockManager, synchronized, must_be_writable, NoopLock
+from keep import KeepLocator, KeepClient
+from .stream import StreamReader
+from ._normalize_stream import normalize_stream
+from ._ranges import Range, LocatorAndRange
+from .safeapi import ThreadSafeApiCache
 import config
 import errors
 import util
@@ -35,7 +38,8 @@ class CollectionBase(object):
         return self._keep_client
 
     def stripped_manifest(self):
-        """
+        """Get the manifest with locator hints stripped.
+
         Return the manifest for the current collection with all
         non-portable hints (i.e., permission signatures and other
         hints other than size hints) removed from the locators.
@@ -54,197 +58,7 @@ class CollectionBase(object):
         return ''.join(clean)
 
 
-class CollectionReader(CollectionBase):
-    def __init__(self, manifest_locator_or_text, api_client=None,
-                 keep_client=None, num_retries=0):
-        """Instantiate a CollectionReader.
-
-        This class parses Collection manifests to provide a simple interface
-        to read its underlying files.
-
-        Arguments:
-        * manifest_locator_or_text: One of a Collection UUID, portable data
-          hash, or full manifest text.
-        * api_client: The API client to use to look up Collections.  If not
-          provided, CollectionReader will build one from available Arvados
-          configuration.
-        * keep_client: The KeepClient to use to download Collection data.
-          If not provided, CollectionReader will build one from available
-          Arvados configuration.
-        * num_retries: The default number of times to retry failed
-          service requests.  Default 0.  You may change this value
-          after instantiation, but note those changes may not
-          propagate to related objects like the Keep client.
-        """
-        self._api_client = api_client
-        self._keep_client = keep_client
-        self.num_retries = num_retries
-        if re.match(util.keep_locator_pattern, manifest_locator_or_text):
-            self._manifest_locator = manifest_locator_or_text
-            self._manifest_text = None
-        elif re.match(util.collection_uuid_pattern, manifest_locator_or_text):
-            self._manifest_locator = manifest_locator_or_text
-            self._manifest_text = None
-        elif re.match(util.manifest_pattern, manifest_locator_or_text):
-            self._manifest_text = manifest_locator_or_text
-            self._manifest_locator = None
-        else:
-            raise errors.ArgumentError(
-                "Argument to CollectionReader must be a manifest or a collection UUID")
-        self._api_response = None
-        self._streams = None
-
-    def _populate_from_api_server(self):
-        # As in KeepClient itself, we must wait until the last
-        # possible moment to instantiate an API client, in order to
-        # avoid tripping up clients that don't have access to an API
-        # server.  If we do build one, make sure our Keep client uses
-        # it.  If instantiation fails, we'll fall back to the except
-        # clause, just like any other Collection lookup
-        # failure. Return an exception, or None if successful.
-        try:
-            if self._api_client is None:
-                self._api_client = arvados.api('v1')
-                self._keep_client = None  # Make a new one with the new api.
-            self._api_response = self._api_client.collections().get(
-                uuid=self._manifest_locator).execute(
-                num_retries=self.num_retries)
-            self._manifest_text = self._api_response['manifest_text']
-            return None
-        except Exception as e:
-            return e
-
-    def _populate_from_keep(self):
-        # Retrieve a manifest directly from Keep. This has a chance of
-        # working if [a] the locator includes a permission signature
-        # or [b] the Keep services are operating in world-readable
-        # mode. Return an exception, or None if successful.
-        try:
-            self._manifest_text = self._my_keep().get(
-                self._manifest_locator, num_retries=self.num_retries)
-        except Exception as e:
-            return e
-
-    def _populate(self):
-        error_via_api = None
-        error_via_keep = None
-        should_try_keep = ((self._manifest_text is None) and
-                           util.keep_locator_pattern.match(
-                self._manifest_locator))
-        if ((self._manifest_text is None) and
-            util.signed_locator_pattern.match(self._manifest_locator)):
-            error_via_keep = self._populate_from_keep()
-        if self._manifest_text is None:
-            error_via_api = self._populate_from_api_server()
-            if error_via_api is not None and not should_try_keep:
-                raise error_via_api
-        if ((self._manifest_text is None) and
-            not error_via_keep and
-            should_try_keep):
-            # Looks like a keep locator, and we didn't already try keep above
-            error_via_keep = self._populate_from_keep()
-        if self._manifest_text is None:
-            # Nothing worked!
-            raise arvados.errors.NotFoundError(
-                ("Failed to retrieve collection '{}' " +
-                 "from either API server ({}) or Keep ({})."
-                 ).format(
-                    self._manifest_locator,
-                    error_via_api,
-                    error_via_keep))
-        self._streams = [sline.split()
-                         for sline in self._manifest_text.split("\n")
-                         if sline]
-
-    def _populate_first(orig_func):
-        # Decorator for methods that read actual Collection data.
-        @functools.wraps(orig_func)
-        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
-            if self._streams is None:
-                self._populate()
-            return orig_func(self, *args, **kwargs)
-        return wrapper
-
-    @_populate_first
-    def api_response(self):
-        """api_response() -> dict or None
-
-        Returns information about this Collection fetched from the API server.
-        If the Collection exists in Keep but not the API server, currently
-        returns None.  Future versions may provide a synthetic response.
-        """
-        return self._api_response
-
-    @_populate_first
-    def normalize(self):
-        # Rearrange streams
-        streams = {}
-        for s in self.all_streams():
-            for f in s.all_files():
-                streamname, filename = split(s.name() + "/" + f.name())
-                if streamname not in streams:
-                    streams[streamname] = {}
-                if filename not in streams[streamname]:
-                    streams[streamname][filename] = []
-                for r in f.segments:
-                    streams[streamname][filename].extend(s.locators_and_ranges(r.locator, r.range_size))
-
-        self._streams = [normalize_stream(s, streams[s])
-                         for s in sorted(streams)]
-
-        # Regenerate the manifest text based on the normalized streams
-        self._manifest_text = ''.join(
-            [StreamReader(stream, keep=self._my_keep()).manifest_text()
-             for stream in self._streams])
-
-    @_populate_first
-    def open(self, streampath, filename=None):
-        """open(streampath[, filename]) -> file-like object
-
-        Pass in the path of a file to read from the Collection, either as a
-        single string or as two separate stream name and file name arguments.
-        This method returns a file-like object to read that file.
-        """
-        if filename is None:
-            streampath, filename = split(streampath)
-        keep_client = self._my_keep()
-        for stream_s in self._streams:
-            stream = StreamReader(stream_s, keep_client,
-                                  num_retries=self.num_retries)
-            if stream.name() == streampath:
-                break
-        else:
-            raise ValueError("stream '{}' not found in Collection".
-                             format(streampath))
-        try:
-            return stream.files()[filename]
-        except KeyError:
-            raise ValueError("file '{}' not found in Collection stream '{}'".
-                             format(filename, streampath))
-
-    @_populate_first
-    def all_streams(self):
-        return [StreamReader(s, self._my_keep(), num_retries=self.num_retries)
-                for s in self._streams]
-
-    def all_files(self):
-        for s in self.all_streams():
-            for f in s.all_files():
-                yield f
-
-    @_populate_first
-    def manifest_text(self, strip=False, normalize=False):
-        if normalize:
-            cr = CollectionReader(self.manifest_text())
-            cr.normalize()
-            return cr.manifest_text(strip=strip, normalize=False)
-        elif strip:
-            return self.stripped_manifest()
-        else:
-            return self._manifest_text
-
-
-class _WriterFile(ArvadosFileBase):
+class _WriterFile(_FileLikeObjectBase):
     def __init__(self, coll_writer, name):
         super(_WriterFile, self).__init__(name, 'wb')
         self.dest = coll_writer
@@ -253,22 +67,22 @@ class _WriterFile(ArvadosFileBase):
         super(_WriterFile, self).close()
         self.dest.finish_current_file()
 
-    @ArvadosFileBase._before_close
+    @_FileLikeObjectBase._before_close
     def write(self, data):
         self.dest.write(data)
 
-    @ArvadosFileBase._before_close
+    @_FileLikeObjectBase._before_close
     def writelines(self, seq):
         for data in seq:
             self.write(data)
 
-    @ArvadosFileBase._before_close
+    @_FileLikeObjectBase._before_close
     def flush(self):
         self.dest.flush_data()
 
 
 class CollectionWriter(CollectionBase):
-    def __init__(self, api_client=None, num_retries=0):
+    def __init__(self, api_client=None, num_retries=0, replication=None):
         """Instantiate a CollectionWriter.
 
         CollectionWriter lets you build a new Arvados Collection from scratch.
@@ -284,9 +98,13 @@ class CollectionWriter(CollectionBase):
           service requests.  Default 0.  You may change this value
           after instantiation, but note those changes may not
           propagate to related objects like the Keep client.
+        * replication: The number of copies of each block to store.
+          If this argument is None or not supplied, replication is
+          the server-provided default if available, otherwise 2.
         """
         self._api_client = api_client
         self.num_retries = num_retries
+        self.replication = (2 if replication is None else replication)
         self._keep_client = None
         self._data_buffer = []
         self._data_buffer_len = 0
@@ -441,7 +259,9 @@ class CollectionWriter(CollectionBase):
         data_buffer = ''.join(self._data_buffer)
         if data_buffer:
             self._current_stream_locators.append(
-                self._my_keep().put(data_buffer[0:config.KEEP_BLOCK_SIZE]))
+                self._my_keep().put(
+                    data_buffer[0:config.KEEP_BLOCK_SIZE],
+                    copies=self.replication))
             self._data_buffer = [data_buffer[config.KEEP_BLOCK_SIZE:]]
             self._data_buffer_len = len(self._data_buffer[0])
 
@@ -516,8 +336,16 @@ class CollectionWriter(CollectionBase):
         self._current_file_name = None
 
     def finish(self):
-        # Store the manifest in Keep and return its locator.
-        return self._my_keep().put(self.manifest_text())
+        """Store the manifest in Keep and return its locator.
+
+        This is useful for storing manifest fragments (task outputs)
+        temporarily in Keep during a Crunch job.
+
+        In other cases you should make a collection instead, by
+        sending manifest_text() to the API server's "create
+        collection" endpoint.
+        """
+        return self._my_keep().put(self.manifest_text(), copies=self.replication)
 
     def portable_data_hash(self):
         stripped = self.stripped_manifest()
@@ -551,10 +379,9 @@ class ResumableCollectionWriter(CollectionWriter):
                    '_data_buffer', '_dependencies', '_finished_streams',
                    '_queued_dirents', '_queued_trees']
 
-    def __init__(self, api_client=None, num_retries=0):
+    def __init__(self, api_client=None, **kwargs):
         self._dependencies = {}
-        super(ResumableCollectionWriter, self).__init__(
-            api_client, num_retries=num_retries)
+        super(ResumableCollectionWriter, self).__init__(api_client, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def from_state(cls, state, *init_args, **init_kwargs):
@@ -646,10 +473,16 @@ class ResumableCollectionWriter(CollectionWriter):
 ADD = "add"
 DEL = "del"
 MOD = "mod"
+FILE = "file"
+COLLECTION = "collection"
 
 class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
-    """Base class for Collections and Subcollections.  Implements the majority of
-    functionality relating to accessing items in the Collection."""
+    """Base class for Collections and Subcollections.
+
+    Implements the majority of functionality relating to accessing items in the
+    Collection.
+
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, parent=None):
         self.parent = parent
@@ -665,10 +498,7 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
     def _my_block_manager(self):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def _populate(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError()
-
-    def sync_mode(self):
+    def writable(self):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     def root_collection(self):
@@ -677,61 +507,90 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
     def notify(self, event, collection, name, item):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
+    def stream_name(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @must_be_writable
     @synchronized
-    def find(self, path, create=False, create_collection=False):
-        """Recursively search the specified file path.  May return either a Collection
-        or ArvadosFile.
-
-        :create:
-          If true, create path components (i.e. Collections) that are
-          missing.  If "create" is False, return None if a path component is
-          not found.
-
-        :create_collection:
-          If the path is not found, "create" is True, and
-          "create_collection" is False, then create and return a new
-          ArvadosFile for the last path component.  If "create_collection" is
-          True, then create and return a new Collection for the last path
-          component.
+    def find_or_create(self, path, create_type):
+        """Recursively search the specified file path.
 
-        """
-        if create and self.sync_mode() == SYNC_READONLY:
-            raise IOError((errno.EROFS, "Collection is read only"))
+        May return either a `Collection` or `ArvadosFile`.  If not found, will
+        create a new item at the specified path based on `create_type`.  Will
+        create intermediate subcollections needed to contain the final item in
+        the path.
+
+        :create_type:
+          One of `arvados.collection.FILE` or
+          `arvados.collection.COLLECTION`.  If the path is not found, and value
+          of create_type is FILE then create and return a new ArvadosFile for
+          the last path component.  If COLLECTION, then create and return a new
+          Collection for the last path component.
 
-        p = path.split("/")
-        if p[0] == '.':
-            del p[0]
+        """
 
-        if p and p[0]:
-            item = self._items.get(p[0])
-            if len(p) == 1:
-                # item must be a file
-                if item is None and create:
+        pathcomponents = path.split("/", 1)
+        if pathcomponents[0]:
+            item = self._items.get(pathcomponents[0])
+            if len(pathcomponents) == 1:
+                if item is None:
                     # create new file
-                    if create_collection:
+                    if create_type == COLLECTION:
                         item = Subcollection(self)
                     else:
                         item = ArvadosFile(self)
-                    self._items[p[0]] = item
+                    self._items[pathcomponents[0]] = item
                     self._modified = True
-                    self.notify(ADD, self, p[0], item)
+                    self.notify(ADD, self, pathcomponents[0], item)
                 return item
             else:
-                if item is None and create:
+                if item is None:
                     # create new collection
                     item = Subcollection(self)
-                    self._items[p[0]] = item
+                    self._items[pathcomponents[0]] = item
                     self._modified = True
-                    self.notify(ADD, self, p[0], item)
-                del p[0]
+                    self.notify(ADD, self, pathcomponents[0], item)
                 if isinstance(item, SynchronizedCollectionBase):
-                    return item.find("/".join(p), create=create)
+                    return item.find_or_create(pathcomponents[1], create_type)
                 else:
-                    raise errors.ArgumentError("Interior path components must be subcollection")
+                    raise IOError((errno.ENOTDIR, "Interior path components must be subcollection"))
         else:
             return self
 
-    def open(self, path, mode):
+    @synchronized
+    def find(self, path):
+        """Recursively search the specified file path.
+
+        May return either a Collection or ArvadosFile.  Return None if not
+        found.
+
+        """
+        if not path:
+            raise errors.ArgumentError("Parameter 'path' must not be empty.")
+
+        pathcomponents = path.split("/", 1)
+        item = self._items.get(pathcomponents[0])
+        if len(pathcomponents) == 1:
+            return item
+        else:
+            if isinstance(item, SynchronizedCollectionBase):
+                if pathcomponents[1]:
+                    return item.find(pathcomponents[1])
+                else:
+                    return item
+            else:
+                raise IOError((errno.ENOTDIR, "Interior path components must be subcollection"))
+
+    def mkdirs(path):
+        """Recursive subcollection create.
+
+        Like `os.mkdirs()`.  Will create intermediate subcollections needed to
+        contain the leaf subcollection path.
+
+        """
+        return self.find_or_create(path, COLLECTION)
+
+    def open(self, path, mode="r"):
         """Open a file-like object for access.
 
         :path:
@@ -751,31 +610,35 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
         """
         mode = mode.replace("b", "")
         if len(mode) == 0 or mode[0] not in ("r", "w", "a"):
-            raise ArgumentError("Bad mode '%s'" % mode)
+            raise errors.ArgumentError("Bad mode '%s'" % mode)
         create = (mode != "r")
 
-        if create and self.sync_mode() == SYNC_READONLY:
+        if create and not self.writable():
             raise IOError((errno.EROFS, "Collection is read only"))
 
-        f = self.find(path, create=create)
+        if create:
+            arvfile = self.find_or_create(path, FILE)
+        else:
+            arvfile = self.find(path)
 
-        if f is None:
+        if arvfile is None:
             raise IOError((errno.ENOENT, "File not found"))
-        if not isinstance(f, ArvadosFile):
+        if not isinstance(arvfile, ArvadosFile):
             raise IOError((errno.EISDIR, "Path must refer to a file."))
 
         if mode[0] == "w":
-            f.truncate(0)
+            arvfile.truncate(0)
+
+        name = os.path.basename(path)
 
         if mode == "r":
-            return ArvadosFileReader(f, path, mode, num_retries=self.num_retries)
+            return ArvadosFileReader(arvfile, name, mode, num_retries=self.num_retries)
         else:
-            return ArvadosFileWriter(f, path, mode, num_retries=self.num_retries)
+            return ArvadosFileWriter(arvfile, name, mode, num_retries=self.num_retries)
 
     @synchronized
     def modified(self):
-        """Test if the collection (or any subcollection or file) has been modified
-        since it was created."""
+        """Test if the collection (or any subcollection or file) has been modified."""
         if self._modified:
             return True
         for k,v in self._items.items():
@@ -785,7 +648,7 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
 
     @synchronized
     def set_unmodified(self):
-        """Recursively clear modified flag"""
+        """Recursively clear modified flag."""
         self._modified = False
         for k,v in self._items.items():
             v.set_unmodified()
@@ -793,29 +656,25 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
     @synchronized
     def __iter__(self):
         """Iterate over names of files and collections contained in this collection."""
-        return self._items.keys().__iter__()
-
-    @synchronized
-    def iterkeys(self):
-        """Iterate over names of files and collections directly contained in this collection."""
-        return self._items.keys()
+        return iter(self._items.keys())
 
     @synchronized
     def __getitem__(self, k):
-        """Get a file or collection that is directly contained by this collection.  If
-        you want to search a path, use `find()` instead.
+        """Get a file or collection that is directly contained by this collection.
+
+        If you want to search a path, use `find()` instead.
+
         """
         return self._items[k]
 
     @synchronized
     def __contains__(self, k):
-        """If there is a file or collection a directly contained by this collection
-        with name "k"."""
+        """Test if there is a file or collection a directly contained by this collection."""
         return k in self._items
 
     @synchronized
     def __len__(self):
-        """Get the number of items directly contained in this collection"""
+        """Get the number of items directly contained in this collection."""
         return len(self._items)
 
     @must_be_writable
@@ -842,52 +701,84 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
         return self._items.items()
 
     def exists(self, path):
-        """Test if there is a file or collection at "path" """
+        """Test if there is a file or collection at `path`."""
         return self.find(path) != None
 
     @must_be_writable
     @synchronized
-    def remove(self, path, rm_r=False):
+    def remove(self, path, recursive=False):
         """Remove the file or subcollection (directory) at `path`.
-        :rm_r:
+
+        :recursive:
           Specify whether to remove non-empty subcollections (True), or raise an error (False).
         """
-        p = path.split("/")
-        if p[0] == '.':
-            # Remove '.' from the front of the path
-            del p[0]
-
-        if len(p) > 0:
-            item = self._items.get(p[0])
-            if item is None:
-                raise IOError((errno.ENOENT, "File not found"))
-            if len(p) == 1:
-                if isinstance(self._items[p[0]], SynchronizedCollectionBase) and len(self._items[p[0]]) > 0 and not rm_r:
-                    raise IOError((errno.ENOTEMPTY, "Subcollection not empty"))
-                d = self._items[p[0]]
-                del self._items[p[0]]
-                self._modified = True
-                self.notify(DEL, self, p[0], d)
-            else:
-                del p[0]
-                item.remove("/".join(p))
-        else:
+
+        if not path:
+            raise errors.ArgumentError("Parameter 'path' must not be empty.")
+
+        pathcomponents = path.split("/", 1)
+        item = self._items.get(pathcomponents[0])
+        if item is None:
             raise IOError((errno.ENOENT, "File not found"))
+        if len(pathcomponents) == 1:
+            if isinstance(self._items[pathcomponents[0]], SynchronizedCollectionBase) and len(self._items[pathcomponents[0]]) > 0 and not recursive:
+                raise IOError((errno.ENOTEMPTY, "Subcollection not empty"))
+            deleteditem = self._items[pathcomponents[0]]
+            del self._items[pathcomponents[0]]
+            self._modified = True
+            self.notify(DEL, self, pathcomponents[0], deleteditem)
+        else:
+            item.remove(pathcomponents[1])
 
-    def _cloneinto(self, target):
-        for k,v in self._items.items():
-            target._items[k] = v.clone(target)
+    def _clonefrom(self, source):
+        for k,v in source.items():
+            self._items[k] = v.clone(self)
 
     def clone(self):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
+    @must_be_writable
+    @synchronized
+    def add(self, source_obj, target_name, overwrite=False):
+        """Copy a file or subcollection to this collection.
+
+        :source_obj:
+          An ArvadosFile, or Subcollection object
+
+        :target_name:
+          Destination item name.  If the target name already exists and is a
+          file, this will raise an error unless you specify `overwrite=True`.
+
+        :overwrite:
+          Whether to overwrite target file if it already exists.
+
+        """
+
+        if target_name in self and not overwrite:
+            raise IOError((errno.EEXIST, "File already exists"))
+
+        modified_from = None
+        if target_name in self:
+            modified_from = self[target_name]
+
+        # Actually make the copy.
+        dup = source_obj.clone(self)
+        self._items[target_name] = dup
+        self._modified = True
+
+        if modified_from:
+            self.notify(MOD, self, target_name, (modified_from, dup))
+        else:
+            self.notify(ADD, self, target_name, dup)
+
+
     @must_be_writable
     @synchronized
     def copy(self, source, target_path, source_collection=None, overwrite=False):
         """Copy a file or subcollection to a new path in this collection.
 
         :source:
-          An ArvadosFile, Subcollection, or string with a path to source file or subcollection
+          A string with a path to source file or subcollection, or an actual ArvadosFile or Subcollection object.
 
         :target_path:
           Destination file or path.  If the target path already exists and is a
@@ -909,61 +800,70 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
             source_obj = source_collection.find(source)
             if source_obj is None:
                 raise IOError((errno.ENOENT, "File not found"))
-            sp = source.split("/")
+            sourcecomponents = source.split("/")
         else:
             source_obj = source
-            sp = None
+            sourcecomponents = None
 
         # Find parent collection the target path
-        tp = target_path.split("/")
+        targetcomponents = target_path.split("/")
 
         # Determine the name to use.
-        target_name = tp[-1] if tp[-1] else (sp[-1] if sp else None)
+        target_name = targetcomponents[-1] if targetcomponents[-1] else (sourcecomponents[-1] if sourcecomponents else None)
 
         if not target_name:
             raise errors.ArgumentError("Target path is empty and source is an object.  Cannot determine destination filename to use.")
 
-        target_dir = self.find("/".join(tp[0:-1]), create=True, create_collection=True)
-
-        with target_dir.lock:
-            if target_name in target_dir:
-                if isinstance(target_dir[target_name], SynchronizedCollectionBase) and sp:
-                    target_dir = target_dir[target_name]
-                    target_name = sp[-1]
-                elif not overwrite:
-                    raise IOError((errno.EEXIST, "File already exists"))
+        target_dir = self.find_or_create("/".join(targetcomponents[0:-1]), COLLECTION)
 
-            mod = None
-            if target_name in target_dir:
-                mod = target_dir[target_name]
+        if target_name in target_dir and isinstance(self[target_name], SynchronizedCollectionBase) and sourcecomponents:
+            target_dir = target_dir[target_name]
+            target_name = sourcecomponents[-1]
 
-            # Actually make the copy.
-            dup = source_obj.clone(target_dir)
-            target_dir._items[target_name] = dup
-            target_dir._modified = True
-
-        if mod:
-            self.notify(MOD, target_dir, target_name, (mod, dup))
-        else:
-            self.notify(ADD, target_dir, target_name, dup)
+        target_dir.add(source_obj, target_name, overwrite)
 
     @synchronized
-    def manifest_text(self, strip=False, normalize=False):
+    def manifest_text(self, stream_name=".", strip=False, normalize=False):
         """Get the manifest text for this collection, sub collections and files.
 
+        :stream_name:
+          Name of the stream (directory)
+
         :strip:
           If True, remove signing tokens from block locators if present.
-          If False, block locators are left unchanged.
+          If False (default), block locators are left unchanged.
 
         :normalize:
           If True, always export the manifest text in normalized form
-          even if the Collection is not modified.  If False and the collection
+          even if the Collection is not modified.  If False (default) and the collection
           is not modified, return the original manifest text even if it is not
           in normalized form.
 
         """
+
         if self.modified() or self._manifest_text is None or normalize:
-            return export_manifest(self, stream_name=".", portable_locators=strip)
+            item  = self
+            stream = {}
+            buf = []
+            sorted_keys = sorted(item.keys())
+            for filename in [s for s in sorted_keys if isinstance(item[s], ArvadosFile)]:
+                # Create a stream per file `k`
+                arvfile = item[filename]
+                filestream = []
+                for segment in arvfile.segments():
+                    loc = segment.locator
+                    if arvfile.parent._my_block_manager().is_bufferblock(loc):
+                        loc = arvfile.parent._my_block_manager().get_bufferblock(loc).locator()
+                    if strip:
+                        loc = KeepLocator(loc).stripped()
+                    filestream.append(LocatorAndRange(loc, KeepLocator(loc).size,
+                                         segment.segment_offset, segment.range_size))
+                stream[filename] = filestream
+            if stream:
+                buf.append(" ".join(normalize_stream(stream_name, stream)) + "\n")
+            for dirname in [s for s in sorted_keys if isinstance(item[s], SynchronizedCollectionBase)]:
+                buf.append(item[dirname].manifest_text(stream_name=os.path.join(stream_name, dirname), strip=strip))
+            return "".join(buf)
         else:
             if strip:
                 return self.stripped_manifest()
@@ -972,13 +872,14 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
 
     @synchronized
     def diff(self, end_collection, prefix=".", holding_collection=None):
-        """
-        Generate list of add/modify/delete actions which, when given to `apply`, will
-        change `self` to match `end_collection`
+        """Generate list of add/modify/delete actions.
+
+        When given to `apply`, will change `self` to match `end_collection`
+
         """
         changes = []
         if holding_collection is None:
-            holding_collection = CollectionRoot(api_client=self._my_api(), keep_client=self._my_keep(), sync=SYNC_READONLY)
+            holding_collection = Collection(api_client=self._my_api(), keep_client=self._my_keep())
         for k in self:
             if k not in end_collection:
                changes.append((DEL, os.path.join(prefix, k), self[k].clone(holding_collection)))
@@ -995,17 +896,20 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
     @must_be_writable
     @synchronized
     def apply(self, changes):
+        """Apply changes from `diff`.
+
+        If a change conflicts with a local change, it will be saved to an
+        alternate path indicating the conflict.
+
         """
-        Apply changes from `diff`.  If a change conflicts with a local change, it
-        will be saved to an alternate path indicating the conflict.
-        """
-        for c in changes:
-            path = c[1]
-            initial = c[2]
+        for change in changes:
+            event_type = change[0]
+            path = change[1]
+            initial = change[2]
             local = self.find(path)
             conflictpath = "%s~conflict-%s~" % (path, time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S",
                                                                     time.gmtime()))
-            if c[0] == ADD:
+            if event_type == ADD:
                 if local is None:
                     # No local file at path, safe to copy over new file
                     self.copy(initial, path)
@@ -1013,25 +917,26 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
                     # There is already local file and it is different:
                     # save change to conflict file.
                     self.copy(initial, conflictpath)
-            elif c[0] == MOD:
+            elif event_type == MOD:
+                final = change[3]
                 if local == initial:
-                    # Local matches the "initial" item so assume it hasn't
+                    # Local matches the "initial" item so it has not
                     # changed locally and is safe to update.
-                    if isinstance(local, ArvadosFile) and isinstance(c[3], ArvadosFile):
+                    if isinstance(local, ArvadosFile) and isinstance(final, ArvadosFile):
                         # Replace contents of local file with new contents
-                        local.replace_contents(c[3])
+                        local.replace_contents(final)
                     else:
-                        # Overwrite path with new item; this can happen if if
+                        # Overwrite path with new item; this can happen if
                         # path was a file and is now a collection or vice versa
-                        self.copy(c[3], path, overwrite=True)
+                        self.copy(final, path, overwrite=True)
                 else:
                     # Local is missing (presumably deleted) or local doesn't
                     # match the "start" value, so save change to conflict file
-                    self.copy(c[3], conflictpath)
-            elif c[0] == DEL:
+                    self.copy(final, conflictpath)
+            elif event_type == DEL:
                 if local == initial:
                     # Local item matches "initial" value, so it is safe to remove.
-                    self.remove(path, rm_r=True)
+                    self.remove(path, recursive=True)
                 # else, the file is modified or already removed, in either
                 # case we don't want to try to remove it.
 
@@ -1058,11 +963,16 @@ class SynchronizedCollectionBase(CollectionBase):
     def __ne__(self, other):
         return not self.__eq__(other)
 
-class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
-    """Represents the root of an Arvados Collection, which may be associated with
-    an API server Collection record.
 
-    Brief summary of useful methods:
+class Collection(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
+    """Represents the root of an Arvados Collection.
+
+    This class is threadsafe.  The root collection object, all subcollections
+    and files are protected by a single lock (i.e. each access locks the entire
+    collection).
+
+    Brief summary of
+    useful methods:
 
     :To read an existing file:
       `c.open("myfile", "r")`
@@ -1088,21 +998,21 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
     :To merge remote changes into this object:
       `c.update()`
 
-    This class is threadsafe.  The root collection object, all subcollections
-    and files are protected by a single lock (i.e. each access locks the entire
-    collection).
+    Must be associated with an API server Collection record (during
+    initialization, or using `save_new`) to use `save` or `update`
 
     """
 
     def __init__(self, manifest_locator_or_text=None,
-                 parent=None,
-                 apiconfig=None,
                  api_client=None,
                  keep_client=None,
                  num_retries=None,
-                 block_manager=None,
-                 sync=None):
-        """:manifest_locator_or_text:
+                 parent=None,
+                 apiconfig=None,
+                 block_manager=None):
+        """Collection constructor.
+
+        :manifest_locator_or_text:
           One of Arvados collection UUID, block locator of
           a manifest, raw manifest text, or None (to create an empty collection).
         :parent:
@@ -1119,19 +1029,9 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
           the number of retries for API and Keep requests.
         :block_manager:
           the block manager to use.  If not specified, create one.
-        :sync:
-          Set synchronization policy with API server collection record.
-          :SYNC_READONLY:
-            Collection is read only.  No synchronization.  This mode will
-            also forego locking, which gives better performance.
-          :SYNC_EXPLICIT:
-            Collection is writable.  Synchronize on explicit request via `update()` or `save()`
-          :SYNC_LIVE:
-            Collection is writable.  Synchronize with server in response to
-            background websocket events, on block write, or on file close.
 
         """
-        super(CollectionRoot, self).__init__(parent)
+        super(Collection, self).__init__(parent)
         self._api_client = api_client
         self._keep_client = keep_client
         self._block_manager = block_manager
@@ -1141,15 +1041,11 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
         else:
             self._config = config.settings()
 
-        self.num_retries = num_retries
+        self.num_retries = num_retries if num_retries is not None else 0
         self._manifest_locator = None
         self._manifest_text = None
         self._api_response = None
 
-        if sync is None:
-            raise errors.ArgumentError("Must specify sync mode")
-
-        self._sync = sync
         self.lock = threading.RLock()
         self.callbacks = []
         self.events = None
@@ -1165,50 +1061,37 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
                 raise errors.ArgumentError(
                     "Argument to CollectionReader must be a manifest or a collection UUID")
 
-            self._populate()
-
-            if self._sync == SYNC_LIVE:
-                if not self._has_collection_uuid():
-                    raise errors.ArgumentError("Cannot SYNC_LIVE associated with a collection uuid")
-                self.events = events.subscribe(arvados.api(apiconfig=self._config),
-                                               [["object_uuid", "=", self._manifest_locator]],
-                                               self.on_message)
-
+            try:
+                self._populate()
+            except (IOError, errors.SyntaxError) as e:
+                raise errors.ArgumentError("Error processing manifest text: %s", e)
 
     def root_collection(self):
         return self
 
-    def sync_mode(self):
-        return self._sync
-
-    def on_message(self, event):
-        if event.get("object_uuid") == self._manifest_locator:
-            self.update()
+    def stream_name(self):
+        return "."
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def create(name, owner_uuid=None, sync=SYNC_EXPLICIT, apiconfig=None):
-        """Create a new empty Collection with associated collection record."""
-        c = Collection(sync=SYNC_EXPLICIT, apiconfig=apiconfig)
-        c.save_new(name, owner_uuid=owner_uuid, ensure_unique_name=True)
-        if sync == SYNC_LIVE:
-            c.events = events.subscribe(arvados.api(apiconfig=self._config), [["object_uuid", "=", c._manifest_locator]], c.on_message)
-        return c
+    def writable(self):
+        return True
 
     @synchronized
     @retry_method
     def update(self, other=None, num_retries=None):
+        """Merge the latest collection on the API server with the current collection."""
+
         if other is None:
             if self._manifest_locator is None:
                 raise errors.ArgumentError("`other` is None but collection does not have a manifest_locator uuid")
-            n = self._my_api().collections().get(uuid=self._manifest_locator).execute(num_retries=num_retries)
-            other = import_collection(n["manifest_text"])
-        baseline = import_collection(self._manifest_text)
-        self.apply(other.diff(baseline))
+            response = self._my_api().collections().get(uuid=self._manifest_locator).execute(num_retries=num_retries)
+            other = CollectionReader(response["manifest_text"])
+        baseline = CollectionReader(self._manifest_text)
+        self.apply(baseline.diff(other))
 
     @synchronized
     def _my_api(self):
         if self._api_client is None:
-            self._api_client = arvados.SafeApi(self._config)
+            self._api_client = ThreadSafeApiCache(self._config)
             self._keep_client = self._api_client.keep
         return self._api_client
 
@@ -1218,13 +1101,13 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
             if self._api_client is None:
                 self._my_api()
             else:
-                self._keep_client = KeepClient(api=self._api_client)
+                self._keep_client = KeepClient(api_client=self._api_client)
         return self._keep_client
 
     @synchronized
     def _my_block_manager(self):
         if self._block_manager is None:
-            self._block_manager = BlockManager(self._my_keep())
+            self._block_manager = _BlockManager(self._my_keep())
         return self._block_manager
 
     def _populate_from_api_server(self):
@@ -1277,7 +1160,7 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
             error_via_keep = self._populate_from_keep()
         if self._manifest_text is None:
             # Nothing worked!
-            raise arvados.errors.NotFoundError(
+            raise errors.NotFoundError(
                 ("Failed to retrieve collection '{}' " +
                  "from either API server ({}) or Keep ({})."
                  ).format(
@@ -1286,12 +1169,8 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
                     error_via_keep))
         # populate
         self._baseline_manifest = self._manifest_text
-        import_manifest(self._manifest_text, self)
+        self._import_manifest(self._manifest_text)
 
-        if self._sync == SYNC_READONLY:
-            # Now that we're populated, knowing that this will be readonly,
-            # forego any further locking.
-            self.lock = NoopLock()
 
     def _has_collection_uuid(self):
         return self._manifest_locator is not None and re.match(util.collection_uuid_pattern, self._manifest_locator)
@@ -1300,80 +1179,117 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
         return self
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
-        """Support scoped auto-commit in a with: block"""
-        if self._sync != SYNC_READONLY and self._has_collection_uuid():
-            self.save()
+        """Support scoped auto-commit in a with: block."""
+        if exc_type is not None:
+            if self.writable() and self._has_collection_uuid():
+                self.save()
         if self._block_manager is not None:
             self._block_manager.stop_threads()
 
     @synchronized
-    def clone(self, new_parent=None, new_sync=SYNC_READONLY, new_config=None):
+    def manifest_locator(self):
+        """Get the manifest locator.  May be None."""
+        return self._manifest_locator
+
+    @synchronized
+    def clone(self, new_parent=None, readonly=False, new_config=None):
         if new_config is None:
             new_config = self._config
-        c = CollectionRoot(parent=new_parent, apiconfig=new_config, sync=new_sync)
-        if new_sync == SYNC_READONLY:
-            c.lock = NoopLock()
-        c._items = {}
-        self._cloneinto(c)
-        return c
+        if readonly:
+            newcollection = CollectionReader(parent=new_parent, apiconfig=new_config)
+        else:
+            newcollection = Collection(parent=new_parent, apiconfig=new_config)
+
+        newcollection._clonefrom(self)
+        return newcollection
 
     @synchronized
     def api_response(self):
-        """
-        api_response() -> dict or None
+        """Returns information about this Collection fetched from the API server.
 
-        Returns information about this Collection fetched from the API server.
         If the Collection exists in Keep but not the API server, currently
         returns None.  Future versions may provide a synthetic response.
+
         """
         return self._api_response
 
+    def find_or_create(self, path, create_type):
+        """See `SynchronizedCollectionBase.find_or_create`"""
+        if path == ".":
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super(Collection, self).find_or_create(path[2:] if path.startswith("./") else path, create_type)
+
+    def find(self, path):
+        """See `SynchronizedCollectionBase.find`"""
+        if path == ".":
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super(Collection, self).find(path[2:] if path.startswith("./") else path)
+
+    def remove(self, path, recursive=False):
+        """See `SynchronizedCollectionBase.remove`"""
+        if path == ".":
+            raise errors.ArgumentError("Cannot remove '.'")
+        else:
+            return super(Collection, self).remove(path[2:] if path.startswith("./") else path, recursive)
+
     @must_be_writable
     @synchronized
     @retry_method
     def save(self, merge=True, num_retries=None):
-        """Commit pending buffer blocks to Keep, merge with remote record (if
+        """Save collection to an existing collection record.
+
+        Commit pending buffer blocks to Keep, merge with remote record (if
         update=True), write the manifest to Keep, and update the collection
-        record.  Will raise AssertionError if not associated with a collection
-        record on the API server.  If you want to save a manifest to Keep only,
-        see `save_new()`.
+        record.
+
+        Will raise AssertionError if not associated with a collection record on
+        the API server.  If you want to save a manifest to Keep only, see
+        `save_new()`.
 
-        :update:
+        :merge:
           Update and merge remote changes before saving.  Otherwise, any
           remote changes will be ignored and overwritten.
 
+        :num_retries:
+          Retry count on API calls (if None,  use the collection default)
+
         """
         if self.modified():
             if not self._has_collection_uuid():
-                raise AssertionError("Collection manifest_locator must be a collection uuid.  Use save_as() for new collections.")
+                raise AssertionError("Collection manifest_locator must be a collection uuid.  Use save_new() for new collections.")
             self._my_block_manager().commit_all()
             if merge:
                 self.update()
             self._my_keep().put(self.manifest_text(strip=True), num_retries=num_retries)
 
-            mt = self.manifest_text(strip=False)
+            text = self.manifest_text(strip=False)
             self._api_response = self._my_api().collections().update(
                 uuid=self._manifest_locator,
-                body={'manifest_text': mt}
+                body={'manifest_text': text}
                 ).execute(
                     num_retries=num_retries)
-            self._manifest_text = mt
+            self._manifest_text = self._api_response["manifest_text"]
             self.set_unmodified()
 
+
     @must_be_writable
     @synchronized
     @retry_method
     def save_new(self, name=None, create_collection_record=True, owner_uuid=None, ensure_unique_name=False, num_retries=None):
-        """Commit pending buffer blocks to Keep, write the manifest to Keep, and create
-        a new collection record (if create_collection_record True).  After
-        creating a new collection record, this Collection object will be
-        associated with the new record for `save()` and SYNC_LIVE updates.
+        """Save collection to a new collection record.
+
+        Commit pending buffer blocks to Keep, write the manifest to Keep, and
+        create a new collection record (if create_collection_record True).
+        After creating a new collection record, this Collection object will be
+        associated with the new record used by `save()`.
 
         :name:
           The collection name.
 
-        :keep_only:
-          Only save the manifest to keep, do not create a collection record.
+        :create_collection_record:
+          If True, create a collection record.  If False, only save the manifest to keep.
 
         :owner_uuid:
           the user, or project uuid that will own this collection.
@@ -1384,31 +1300,29 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
           if it conflicts with a collection with the same name and owner.  If
           False, a name conflict will result in an error.
 
+        :num_retries:
+          Retry count on API calls (if None,  use the collection default)
+
         """
         self._my_block_manager().commit_all()
         self._my_keep().put(self.manifest_text(strip=True), num_retries=num_retries)
-        mt = self.manifest_text(strip=False)
+        text = self.manifest_text(strip=False)
 
         if create_collection_record:
             if name is None:
                 name = "Collection created %s" % (time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z", time.localtime()))
 
-            body = {"manifest_text": mt,
+            body = {"manifest_text": text,
                     "name": name}
             if owner_uuid:
                 body["owner_uuid"] = owner_uuid
 
             self._api_response = self._my_api().collections().create(ensure_unique_name=ensure_unique_name, body=body).execute(num_retries=num_retries)
-
-            if self.events:
-                self.events.unsubscribe(filters=[["object_uuid", "=", self._manifest_locator]])
+            text = self._api_response["manifest_text"]
 
             self._manifest_locator = self._api_response["uuid"]
 
-            if self.events:
-                self.events.subscribe(filters=[["object_uuid", "=", self._manifest_locator]])
-
-        self._manifest_text = mt
+        self._manifest_text = text
         self.set_unmodified()
 
     @synchronized
@@ -1424,32 +1338,87 @@ class CollectionRoot(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
         for c in self.callbacks:
             c(event, collection, name, item)
 
-def ReadOnlyCollection(*args, **kwargs):
-    kwargs["sync"] = SYNC_READONLY
-    return CollectionRoot(*args, **kwargs)
+    @synchronized
+    def _import_manifest(self, manifest_text):
+        """Import a manifest into a `Collection`.
+
+        :manifest_text:
+          The manifest text to import from.
+
+        """
+        if len(self) > 0:
+            raise ArgumentError("Can only import manifest into an empty collection")
+
+        STREAM_NAME = 0
+        BLOCKS = 1
+        SEGMENTS = 2
+
+        stream_name = None
+        state = STREAM_NAME
+
+        for token_and_separator in re.finditer(r'(\S+)(\s+|$)', manifest_text):
+            tok = token_and_separator.group(1)
+            sep = token_and_separator.group(2)
+
+            if state == STREAM_NAME:
+                # starting a new stream
+                stream_name = tok.replace('\\040', ' ')
+                blocks = []
+                segments = []
+                streamoffset = 0L
+                state = BLOCKS
+                continue
+
+            if state == BLOCKS:
+                block_locator = re.match(r'[0-9a-f]{32}\+(\d+)(\+\S+)*', tok)
+                if block_locator:
+                    blocksize = long(block_locator.group(1))
+                    blocks.append(Range(tok, streamoffset, blocksize))
+                    streamoffset += blocksize
+                else:
+                    state = SEGMENTS
+
+            if state == SEGMENTS:
+                file_segment = re.search(r'^(\d+):(\d+):(\S+)', tok)
+                if file_segment:
+                    pos = long(file_segment.group(1))
+                    size = long(file_segment.group(2))
+                    name = file_segment.group(3).replace('\\040', ' ')
+                    filepath = os.path.join(stream_name, name)
+                    afile = self.find_or_create(filepath, FILE)
+                    if isinstance(afile, ArvadosFile):
+                        afile.add_segment(blocks, pos, size)
+                    else:
+                        raise errors.SyntaxError("File %s conflicts with stream of the same name.", filepath)
+                else:
+                    # error!
+                    raise errors.SyntaxError("Invalid manifest format")
 
-def WritableCollection(*args, **kwargs):
-    kwargs["sync"] = SYNC_EXPLICIT
-    return CollectionRoot(*args, **kwargs)
+            if sep == "\n":
+                stream_name = None
+                state = STREAM_NAME
 
-def LiveCollection(*args, **kwargs):
-    kwargs["sync"] = SYNC_LIVE
-    return CollectionRoot(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.set_unmodified()
 
 
 class Subcollection(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
     """This is a subdirectory within a collection that doesn't have its own API
-    server record.  It falls under the umbrella of the root collection."""
+    server record.
+
+    It falls under the umbrella of the root collection.
+
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, parent):
         super(Subcollection, self).__init__(parent)
         self.lock = self.root_collection().lock
+        self._manifest_text = None
 
     def root_collection(self):
         return self.parent.root_collection()
 
-    def sync_mode(self):
-        return self.root_collection().sync_mode()
+    def writable(self):
+        return self.root_collection().writable()
 
     def _my_api(self):
         return self.root_collection()._my_api()
@@ -1460,149 +1429,89 @@ class Subcollection(SynchronizedCollectionBase):
     def _my_block_manager(self):
         return self.root_collection()._my_block_manager()
 
-    def _populate(self):
-        self.root_collection()._populate()
-
     def notify(self, event, collection, name, item):
         return self.root_collection().notify(event, collection, name, item)
 
+    def stream_name(self):
+        for k, v in self.parent.items():
+            if v is self:
+                return os.path.join(self.parent.stream_name(), k)
+        return '.'
+
     @synchronized
     def clone(self, new_parent):
         c = Subcollection(new_parent)
-        self._cloneinto(c)
+        c._clonefrom(self)
         return c
 
-def import_manifest(manifest_text,
-                    into_collection=None,
-                    api_client=None,
-                    keep=None,
-                    num_retries=None,
-                    sync=SYNC_READONLY):
-    """Import a manifest into a `Collection`.
 
-    :manifest_text:
-      The manifest text to import from.
+class CollectionReader(Collection):
+    """A read-only collection object.
 
-    :into_collection:
-      The `Collection` that will be initialized (must be empty).
-      If None, create a new `Collection` object.
+    Initialize from an api collection record locator, a portable data hash of a
+    manifest, or raw manifest text.  See `Collection` constructor for detailed
+    options.
 
-    :api_client:
-      The API client object that will be used when creating a new `Collection` object.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, manifest_locator_or_text, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._in_init = True
+        super(CollectionReader, self).__init__(manifest_locator_or_text, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._in_init = False
 
-    :keep:
-      The keep client object that will be used when creating a new `Collection` object.
+        # Forego any locking since it should never change once initialized.
+        self.lock = NoopLock()
 
-    :num_retries:
-      the default number of api client and keep retries on error.
+        # Backwards compatability with old CollectionReader
+        # all_streams() and all_files()
+        self._streams = None
 
-    :sync:
-      Collection sync mode (only if into_collection is None)
-    """
-    if into_collection is not None:
-        if len(into_collection) > 0:
-            raise ArgumentError("Can only import manifest into an empty collection")
-        c = into_collection
-    else:
-        c = Collection(api_client=api_client, keep_client=keep, num_retries=num_retries, sync=sync)
-
-    save_sync = c.sync_mode()
-    c._sync = None
-
-    STREAM_NAME = 0
-    BLOCKS = 1
-    SEGMENTS = 2
-
-    stream_name = None
-    state = STREAM_NAME
-
-    for n in re.finditer(r'(\S+)(\s+|$)', manifest_text):
-        tok = n.group(1)
-        sep = n.group(2)
-
-        if state == STREAM_NAME:
-            # starting a new stream
-            stream_name = tok.replace('\\040', ' ')
-            blocks = []
-            segments = []
-            streamoffset = 0L
-            state = BLOCKS
-            continue
-
-        if state == BLOCKS:
-            s = re.match(r'[0-9a-f]{32}\+(\d+)(\+\S+)*', tok)
-            if s:
-                blocksize = long(s.group(1))
-                blocks.append(Range(tok, streamoffset, blocksize))
-                streamoffset += blocksize
-            else:
-                state = SEGMENTS
-
-        if state == SEGMENTS:
-            s = re.search(r'^(\d+):(\d+):(\S+)', tok)
-            if s:
-                pos = long(s.group(1))
-                size = long(s.group(2))
-                name = s.group(3).replace('\\040', ' ')
-                f = c.find("%s/%s" % (stream_name, name), create=True)
-                f.add_segment(blocks, pos, size)
-            else:
-                # error!
-                raise errors.SyntaxError("Invalid manifest format")
+    def writable(self):
+        return self._in_init
 
-        if sep == "\n":
-            stream_name = None
-            state = STREAM_NAME
+    def _populate_streams(orig_func):
+        @functools.wraps(orig_func)
+        def populate_streams_wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            # Defer populating self._streams until needed since it creates a copy of the manifest.
+            if self._streams is None:
+                if self._manifest_text:
+                    self._streams = [sline.split()
+                                     for sline in self._manifest_text.split("\n")
+                                     if sline]
+                else:
+                    self._streams = []
+            return orig_func(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        return populate_streams_wrapper
 
-    c.set_unmodified()
-    c._sync = save_sync
-    return c
+    @_populate_streams
+    def normalize(self):
+        """Normalize the streams returned by `all_streams`.
 
-def export_manifest(item, stream_name=".", portable_locators=False):
-    """
-    :item:
-      Create a manifest for `item` (must be a `Collection` or `ArvadosFile`).  If
-      `item` is a is a `Collection`, this will also export subcollections.
+        This method is kept for backwards compatability and only affects the
+        behavior of `all_streams()` and `all_files()`
 
-    :stream_name:
-      the name of the stream when exporting `item`.
+        """
 
-    :portable_locators:
-      If True, strip any permission hints on block locators.
-      If False, use block locators as-is.
-    """
-    buf = ""
-    if isinstance(item, SynchronizedCollectionBase):
-        stream = {}
-        sorted_keys = sorted(item.keys())
-        for k in [s for s in sorted_keys if isinstance(item[s], ArvadosFile)]:
-            v = item[k]
-            st = []
-            for s in v.segments():
-                loc = s.locator
-                if loc.startswith("bufferblock"):
-                    loc = v.parent._my_block_manager()._bufferblocks[loc].locator()
-                if portable_locators:
-                    loc = KeepLocator(loc).stripped()
-                st.append(LocatorAndRange(loc, locator_block_size(loc),
-                                     s.segment_offset, s.range_size))
-            stream[k] = st
-        if stream:
-            buf += ' '.join(normalize_stream(stream_name, stream))
-            buf += "\n"
-        for k in [s for s in sorted_keys if isinstance(item[s], SynchronizedCollectionBase)]:
-            buf += export_manifest(item[k], stream_name=os.path.join(stream_name, k), portable_locators=portable_locators)
-    elif isinstance(item, ArvadosFile):
-        st = []
-        for s in item.segments:
-            loc = s.locator
-            if loc.startswith("bufferblock"):
-                loc = item._bufferblocks[loc].calculate_locator()
-            if portable_locators:
-                loc = KeepLocator(loc).stripped()
-            st.append(LocatorAndRange(loc, locator_block_size(loc),
-                                 s.segment_offset, s.range_size))
-        stream[stream_name] = st
-        buf += ' '.join(normalize_stream(stream_name, stream))
-        buf += "\n"
-    return buf
+        # Rearrange streams
+        streams = {}
+        for s in self.all_streams():
+            for f in s.all_files():
+                streamname, filename = split(s.name() + "/" + f.name())
+                if streamname not in streams:
+                    streams[streamname] = {}
+                if filename not in streams[streamname]:
+                    streams[streamname][filename] = []
+                for r in f.segments:
+                    streams[streamname][filename].extend(s.locators_and_ranges(r.locator, r.range_size))
+
+        self._streams = [normalize_stream(s, streams[s])
+                         for s in sorted(streams)]
+    @_populate_streams
+    def all_streams(self):
+        return [StreamReader(s, self._my_keep(), num_retries=self.num_retries)
+                for s in self._streams]
+
+    @_populate_streams
+    def all_files(self):
+        for s in self.all_streams():
+            for f in s.all_files():
+                yield f